Biology:Methylorubrum extorquens
| Methylorubrum extorquens | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Binomial name | |
| Methylorubrum extorquens (Urakami and Komagata 1984) Green and Ardley 2018[1]
| |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
| |
Methylorubrum extorquens is a Gram-negative bacterium. Methylorubrum species often appear pink, and are classified as pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs, or PPFMs.[4] The wild type has been known to use both methane and multiple carbon compounds as energy sources.[4] Specifically, M. extorquens has been observed to use primarily methanol and C1 compounds as substrates in their energy cycles.[5] It has been also observed that use lanthanides as a cofactor to increase its methanol dehydrogenase activity[6][7]
Genetic structure
After isolation from soil, M. extorquens was found to have a single chromosome measuring 5.71-Mb.[8] The bacterium itself contains 70 genes over eight regions of the chromosome that are used for its metabolism of methanol.[9] Within a section of the chromosome, of M. extorquens AM1 are two xoxF genes that enable it to grow in methanol.[9]
M. extorquens AM1 genome encodes a 47.5 kb gene of unknown function. This gene encodes an over 15,000 residue-long polypeptide along with three unique compounds that are not expressed.[10] The microbe uses the mxa gene[11] as a way to dehydrogenate methanol and use it as an energy source.[10]
Chemical use
Methylorubrum extorquens uses primarily C1 and C2 compounds to grow.[9] Utilizing compounds with few carbon-carbon bonds allows the bacterium to successfully grow in environments with methanol, such as on the surface of leaves whose stomata emit methanol.[12] The ability to use methanol as both a carbon and energy source was show to be advantageous when colonizing Medicago truncatula.[13]
H4MPT-dependent formaldehyde oxidation was first isolated in M. extroquens AM1 and has been used to define if an organism is utilizing methylotrophic metabolism.[10]
Relationships with other organisms
Many bacteria within the family Methylobacteriaceae live in different biotic environments such as soils, dust, and plant leaves.[14] Some of these bacteria have been found in symbiotic relationships with the plants they inhabit in which they provide fixed nitrogen or produce vitamin B12.[14] M. extorquens also produces PhyR which plants use to regulate stress response, allowing the plant to survive in different conditions.[15] In addition to PhyR, the bacterium can produce a hormone related to overall plant and root growth.[9]
M. extorquens has been found to have a mutualistic relationship with strawberries.[16] Ultimately, M. extorquens is used to oxidize 1,2-propanediol to lactaldehyde, which is later used in chemical reactions.[17] If introduced to blooming plants, furaneol production increases, changing the way the strawberry tastes.[16]
See also
References
- ↑ "Review of the genus Methylobacterium and closely related organisms: a proposal that some Methylobacterium species be reclassified into a new genus, Methylorubrum gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 68 (9): 2727–2748. September 2018. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002856. PMID 30024371.
- ↑ LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de
- ↑ "Reclassification of Methylobacterium chloromethanicum and Methylobacterium dichloromethanicum as later subjective synonyms of Methylobacterium extorquens and of Methylobacterium lusitanum as a later subjective synonym of Methylobacterium rhodesianum". The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 51 (5): 287–299. October 2005. doi:10.2323/jgam.51.287. PMID 16314683.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Plants in the pink: cytokinin production by methylobacterium". Journal of Bacteriology 184 (7): 1818. April 2002. doi:10.1128/JB.184.7.1818.2002. PMID 11889085.
- ↑ "Continuous Culture Adaptation of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 and TK 0001 to Very High Methanol Concentrations". Frontiers in Microbiology 10: 1313. 2019. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01313. PMID 31281294.
- ↑ Good, Nathan M.; Fellner, Matthias; Demirer, Kemal; Hu, Jian; Hausinger, Robert P.; Martinez-Gomez, N. Cecilia (February 25, 2020). "Lanthanide-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases require an essential aspartate residue for metal coordination and enzymatic function" (in en). Journal of Biological Chemistry 295 (24): 8272–8284. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA120.013227. PMID 32366463.
- ↑ "A catalytic role of XoxF1 as La3+-dependent methanol dehydrogenase in Methylobacterium extorquens strain AM1". PLOS ONE 7 (11): e50480. 2012-11-27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050480. PMID 23209751. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...750480N.
- ↑ "Complete Genome Sequence of the Facultative Methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens TK 0001 Isolated from Soil in Poland". Genome Announcements 6 (8). February 2018. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00018-18. PMID 29472323.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Biotechnological and agronomic potential of endophytic pink-pigmented methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp". BioMed Research International 2015: 909016. 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/909016. PMID 25861650.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Methylobacterium genome sequences: a reference blueprint to investigate microbial metabolism of C1 compounds from natural and industrial sources". PLOS ONE 4 (5): e5584. 2009-05-18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005584. PMID 19440302. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.5584V.
- ↑ "MX1 Gene - GeneCards | MX1 Protein | MX1 Antibody". https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MX1.
- ↑ "Methanol Emission from Leaves (Enzymatic Detection of Gas-Phase Methanol and Relation of Methanol Fluxes to Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Development)". Plant Physiology 108 (4): 1359–1368. August 1995. doi:10.1104/pp.108.4.1359. PMID 12228547.
- ↑ "Methylotrophic metabolism is advantageous for Methylobacterium extorquens during colonization of Medicago truncatula under competitive conditions". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (11): 7245–7252. November 2005. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.7245-7252.2005. PMID 16269765. Bibcode: 2005ApEnM..71.7245S.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Methylotrophic metabolism is advantageous for Methylobacterium extorquens during colonization of Medicago truncatula under competitive conditions". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (11): 7245–7252. November 2005. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.7245-7252.2005. PMID 16269765. Bibcode: 2005ApEnM..71.7245S.
- ↑ "PhyR is involved in the general stress response of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1". Journal of Bacteriology 190 (3): 1027–1035. February 2008. doi:10.1128/JB.01483-07. PMID 18024517.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Chapter 26 - The Effect of Methylobacteria Application on Strawberry Flavor Investigated by GC-MS and Comprehensive GC×GC-qMS" (in en). Flavour Science. San Diego: Academic Press. January 2014. pp. 141–145. ISBN 978-0-12-398549-1.
- ↑ "Localization of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) and Methylobacterium extorquens genes of strawberry flavor biosynthesis in strawberry tissue by in situ hybridization". Journal of Plant Physiology 171 (13): 1099–1105. August 2014. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.018. PMID 24973582.
External links
- Methylorubrum J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
- Methylobacterium extorquens NCBI
- Type strain of Methylobacterium extorquens at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Wikidata ☰ Q6824039 entry
 |  |
