Biology:Chromosome regions

A typical chromosome with its structures. Often, the centromere has a three layered covering known as Kinetochore.

Diagram of a duplicated and condensed (metaphase) eukaryotic chromosome. (1) Chromatid – one of the two identical parts of the chromosome after S phase. (2) Centromere – the point where the two chromatids touch, and where the microtubules attach. (3) Short arm (p). (4) Long arm (q).

Several chromosome regions have been defined by convenience and convention in order to talk about gene loci. The largest regions on each chromosome are the short arm p and the long arm q, separated by a narrow region near the center called the centromere. Other specific regions have also been defined, some of which are similarly found on every chromosome, while others are only present in certain chromosomes.

Named regions include:

• Arms (p and q)
• Centromere
• Kinetochore
• Telomere
• Sub telomere
• satellite chromosome or trabant.
• NOR region

During cell division, the molecules that compose chromosomes (DNA and proteins) undergo a condensation process (called the chromatin reticulum condensation) that forms a compact and small complex called a chromatid. The complexes containing the duplicated DNA molecules, the sister chromatids, are attached to each other by the centromere(where the Kinetochore assembles).

If the chromosome is a submetacentric chromosome (One arm big and the other arm small) then the centromere divides each chromosome into two regions: the smaller one, which is the p region, and the bigger one, the q region. The sister chromatids will be distributed to each daughter cell at the end of the cell division. Whereas if the chromosome is isobrachial (centromere at centre and arms of equal length), the p and q system is meaningless.

At either end of a chromosome is a telomere, a cap of DNA that protects the rest of the chromosome from damage. The telomere has repetitive junk DNA and hence any enzymatic damage will not affect the coded regions. The areas of the p and q regions close to the telomeres are the subtelomeres, or subtelomeric regions. The areas closer to the centromere are the pericentronomic regions. Finally, the interstitial regions are the parts of the p and q regions that are close to neither the centromere nor the telomeres, but are roughly in the middle of p or q.

Regions of a chromosome

See also

• Satellite chromosome