Biology:Limonium
| Limonium | |
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| Limonium perezii at the San Francisco Botanical Garden | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Plumbaginaceae |
| Genus: | Limonium Mill. |
| Species | |
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About 600 species; see text | |
Limonium is a genus of about 600 flowering plant species. Members are also known as sea-lavender, statice, caspia or marsh-rosemary. Despite their common names, species are not related to the lavenders or to rosemary. They are instead in Plumbaginaceae, the plumbago or leadwort family. The generic name is from the Latin līmōnion, used by Pliny for a wild plant and is ultimately derived from the Ancient Greek leimon (λειμών, 'meadow').[1]
Distribution
The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and North America. By far the greatest diversity (over 100 species) is in the area stretching from the Canary Islands east through the Mediterranean region to central Asia; for comparison, North America only has three native Limonium species.[2]
Description
Sea-lavenders normally grow as herbaceous perennial plants, growing 10–70 cm tall from a rhizome; a few (mainly from the Canary Islands) are woody shrubs up to 2 metres tall. Many species flourish in saline soils, and are therefore common near coasts and in salt marshes, and also on saline, gypsum and alkaline soils in continental interiors.
The leaves are simple, entire to lobed, and from 1–30 cm long and 0.5–10 cm broad; most of the leaves are produced in a dense basal rosette, with the flowering stems bearing only small brown scale-leaves (bracts). The flowers are produced on a branched panicle or corymb, the individual flowers are small (4–10 mm long) with a five-lobed calyx and corolla, and five stamens; the flower colour is pink or violet to purple in most species, white or yellow in a few. Many of the species are apomictic. The fruit is a small capsule containing a single seed, partly enclosed by the persistent calyx.
Features
Several species are popular garden flowers; they are generally known to gardeners as statices. They are grown both for their flowers and for the appearance of the calyx, which remains on the plant after the true flowers have fallen, and are known as "everlasting flowers".
Species
There are about 600 species in the genus, many of them local endemic species with a very restricted range.[3] Species not given a common name here are generally referred to simply as "sea-lavender", "statice," or "marsh-rosemary".
- Limonium aragonense (Monegros, endemic)
- Limonium arboreum (tree limonium or Statice arborca; Tenerife, endemic)
- Limonium aureum (central Asia: Siberia, Mongolia, northwest China)
- Limonium auriculaeursifolium (Alderney sea-lavender; southwest Europe, northwest Africa)
- Limonium australe (Australia)
- Limonium bellidifolium (matted sea-lavender; Europe, southwest Asia)
- Limonium bicolor (Mongolia, northwest China)
- Limonium binervosum (rock sea-lavender; western Europe)
- Limonium bourgaei (Lanzarote, endemic)
- Limonium brassicifolium (Canary Islands, Statice brassicifolia)
- Limonium braunii (Cape Verde)
- Limonium brunneri (Cape Verde)
- Limonium caesium (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium californicum (California sea-lavender; western North America, Oregon to Baja California)
- Limonium callianthum (western China: Xinjiang)
- Limonium cancelatum (eastern Mediterranean Croatia)
- Limonium carolinianum (Carolina sea-lavender; eastern North America, Newfoundland to Bermuda, Florida and Tamaulipas; syn. L. angustatum, L. nashii)
- Limonium caspium (central Europe east to central Asia)
- Limonium chrysocomum (central Asia)
- Limonium confusum (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium congestum (central Asia)
- Limonium coralloides (central Asia)
- Limonium cordatum (central Mediterranean)
- Limonium cosyrense (eastern Mediterranean)
- Limonium delicatulum (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium dichroanthum (central Asia)
- Limonium dielsianum (western China: Gansu, Qinghai)
- Limonium dregeanum (Natal statice; South Africa)
- Limonium echioides (Mediterranean)
- Limonium emarginatum (southern Iberia, northern Morocco)
- Limonium ferulaceum (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium flexuosum (central Asia)
- Limonium franchetii (east coastal China)
- Limonium fruticans (Tenerife, endemic)
- Limonium gmelinii (eastern Europe, northern Asia, Siberia)
- Limonium gougetianum (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium humile (lax-flowered sea-lavender; northwest Europe)
- Limonium imbricatum (Tenerife, endemic)
- Limonium insigne (southeast Spain, endemic)
- Limonium jovibarba (Cape Verde)
- Limonium kaschgaricum (central Asia)
- Limonium iranicum (Iran)[4]
- Limonium lacostei (western China, Tibet, Kashmir)
- Limonium leptolobum (central Asia)
- Limonium leptostachyum (statice; central Asia)
- Limonium lilacinum (central Turkey, endemic)
- Limonium limbatum (Transpecos sea-lavender; interior southwest United States)
- Limonium lobinii (Cape Verde)
- Limonium macrophyllum (Tenerife)
- Limonium macropterum (Canary Islands)
- Limonium macrorhabdos (Ladakh)
- Limonium melitensis (Malta)
- Limonium minutum (southeast France, endemic)
- Limonium mouretii (Morocco)
- Limonium multiflorum (western Portugal, endemic)
- Limonium myrianthum (central Asia)
- Limonium narbonense (Southern Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia)
- Limonium nashii (Maritime North America)
- Limonium ornatum (Morocco)
- Limonium otolepis (Saltmarsh sea-lavender; southwest and central Asia)
- Limonium paradoxum (Great Britain, Ireland,[5] endemic)
- Limonium paulayanum (Yemen, endemic)
- Limonium pectinatum (Canary Islands)
- Limonium peregrinum (South Africa)
- Limonium perezii (Perez's sea-lavender; Canary Islands)
- Limonium platyphyllum (German statice; central and southeast Europe)
- Limonium potaninii (western China: Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu)
- Limonium preauxii (Canary Islands)
- Limonium puberulum (Canary Islands)
- Limonium ramosissimum (Mediterranean)
- Limonium reniforme (kidneyleaf sea-lavender; Iran)
- Limonium rezniczenkoanum (central Asia)
- Limonium scabrum Kuntze (South Africa)
- Limonium sieberi (eastern Mediterranean)
- Limonium sinense (eastern Asia coasts: China, Ryukyu Islands, Vietnam)
- Limonium sinuatum (wavyleaf sea-lavender; Mediterranean)
- Limonium sokotranum (Yemen, endemic)
- Limonium solanderi (Australia)
- Limonium spathulatum (Mediterranean)
- Limonium spectabile (Canary islands)
- Limonium strictissimum (Mediterranean: France, Italy)
- Limonium suffruticosum (western and central Asia)
- Limonium tenellum (Mongolia, northwest China)
- Limonium tetragonum (square-stalked sea lavender; eastern Asia south to New Caledonia)
- Limonium thouinii (Mediterranean)
- Limonium tomentellum (Black Sea region)
- Limonium virgatum (western Mediterranean)
- Limonium vulgare (common sea-lavender; western Europe, northwest Africa)
- Limonium wrightii (Japan, Taiwan)
- Limonium zeraphae (Malta)
Some species formerly included in Limonium, e.g. L. tataricum, have now been transferred to the separate genus Goniolimon.
References
- ↑ limonium (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=limonium (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Flora of North America
- ↑ Koutroumpa, Konstantina; Theodoridis, Spyros; Warren, Ben H.; Jiménez, Ares; Celep, Ferhat; Doğan, Musa; Romeiras, Maria M.; Santos-Guerra, Arnoldo et al. (2018). "An expanded molecular phylogeny of Plumbaginaceae, with emphasis on Limonium (sea lavenders): Taxonomic implications and biogeographic considerations". Ecology and Evolution 8 (24): 12397–12424. doi:10.1002/ece3.4553. PMID 30619554. Bibcode: 2018EcoEv...812397K.
- ↑ Mozaffarian, V. 1996. A dictionary of Iranian plant names: Latin, English, Persian. Tehran: Farhang-e Moʻaser.
- ↑ Flora Europaea
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q157375 entry
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