Biology:Rhizome
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (/ˈraɪzoʊm/; from grc ῥίζωμα (rhízōma) 'mass of roots',[1] from ῥιζόω (rhizóō) 'cause to strike root')[2] is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks.[3] Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards.[4]
A rhizome is the main stem of the plant that runs underground horizontally.[5] A stolon is similar to a rhizome, but a stolon sprouts from an existing stem, has long internodes, and generates new shoots at the end, such as in the strawberry plant. In general, rhizomes have short internodes, send out roots from the bottom of the nodes, and generate new upward-growing shoots from the top of the nodes.
A stem tuber is a thickened part of a rhizome or stolon that has been enlarged for use as a storage organ.[6] In general, a tuber is high in starch, e.g. the potato, which is a modified stolon. The term "tuber" is often used imprecisely and is sometimes applied to plants with rhizomes.
The plant uses the rhizome to store starches, proteins, and other nutrients. These nutrients become useful for the plant when new shoots must be formed or when the plant dies back for the winter.[4] If a rhizome is separated, each piece may be able to give rise to a new plant. This is a process known as vegetative reproduction and is used by farmers and gardeners to propagate certain plants. This also allows for lateral spread of grasses like bamboo and bunch grasses. Examples of plants that are propagated this way include hops, asparagus, ginger, irises, lily of the valley, cannas, and sympodial orchids.
Stored rhizomes are subject to bacterial and fungal infections, making them unsuitable for replanting and greatly diminishing stocks. However, rhizomes can also be produced artificially from tissue cultures. The ability to easily grow rhizomes from tissue cultures leads to better stocks for replanting and greater yields.[7] The plant hormones ethylene and jasmonic acid have been found to help induce and regulate the growth of rhizomes, specifically in rhubarb. Ethylene that was applied externally was found to affect internal ethylene levels, allowing easy manipulations of ethylene concentrations.[8] Knowledge of how to use these hormones to induce rhizome growth could help farmers and biologists to produce plants grown from rhizomes, and more easily cultivate and grow better plants.
Some plants have rhizomes that grow above ground or that lie at the soil surface, including some Iris species as well as ferns, whose spreading stems are rhizomes. Plants with underground rhizomes include gingers, bamboo, snake plant, the Venus flytrap, Chinese lantern, western poison-oak,[9] hops, and Alstroemeria, and some grasses, such as Johnson grass, Bermuda grass, and purple nut sedge. Rhizomes generally form a single layer, but in giant horsetails, can be multi-tiered.[10]
Many rhizomes have culinary value, and some, such as zhe'ergen, are commonly consumed raw.[11] Some rhizomes that are used directly in cooking include ginger,[12] turmeric,[13] galangal,[14] fingerroot, and lotus.
See also
References
- ↑ ῥίζωμα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ↑ ῥιζόω
- ↑ "rhizome | Description, Functions, & Examples" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/science/rhizome.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jang, Cheol Seong (2006). "Functional classification, genomic organization, putatively cis-acting regulatory elements, and relationship to quantitative trait loci, of sorghum genes with rhizome-enriched expression.". Plant Physiology 142 (3): 1148–1159. doi:10.1104/pp.106.082891. PMID 16998090.
- ↑ Clarke, Richard L. W. (2000). "Root Versus Rhizome: An 'Epistemological Break' in Francophone Caribbean Thought". Journal of West Indian Literature 9 (1): 12–41. ISSN 0258-8501. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23019767.
- ↑ Stern, Kingsley R. (2002). Introductory Plant Biology (10th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-290941-2.
- ↑ Nayak, Sanghamitra; Naik, Pradeep Kumar (2006). "Factors effecting in vitro microrhizome formation and growth in Curcuma longa L. and improved field performance of micropropagated plants". Science Asia 32: 31–37. doi:10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2006.32.031.
- ↑ Rayirath, Usha P (2011). "Role of ethylene and jasmonic acid on rhizome induction and growth in rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum L.)". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 105 (2): 253–263. doi:10.1007/s11240-010-9861-y.
- ↑ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). "Western Poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum)". in Stromberg, Nicklas. http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=82914.
- ↑ Husby, C. (2003). "Ecology and Physiology of the Giant Horsetails". Florida International University. http://www.fiu.edu/~chusb001/GiantEquisetum/Ecophysiology.html.
- ↑ Lim, T.K. (2016). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants (11th ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-26061-7.[page needed]
- ↑ "Ginger | plant" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/plant/ginger.
- ↑ "turmeric | Description, History, & Uses" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/plant/turmeric.
- ↑ "Chinese Ginger. Alpinia Galanga, Willd.". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 1891 (49): 5–9. 1891. doi:10.2307/4114957. ISSN 0366-4457. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4114957.
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