Biology:Siling labuyo

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Short description: Chili pepper cultivar
'Siling Labuyo'
Capsicum 'Siling Labuyo' (Mindanao, Philippines) 2.jpg
'Siling Labuyo' pepper. The small triangular fruits of siling labuyo are distinctively borne pointing upwards, like other Capsicum frutescens cultivars.
GenusCapsicum
SpeciesCapsicum frutescens
Cultivar'Siling Labuyo'
Heat Very hot
Scoville scale80,000 - 100,000 SHU
Siling labuyo at a Philippine supermarket

Siling labuyo is a small chili pepper cultivar that developed in the Philippines after the Columbian Exchange. It belongs to the species Capsicum frutescens and is characterized by triangular fruits which grow pointing upwards.[1] The fruits and leaves are used in traditional Philippine cuisine. The fruit is pungent, ranking at 80,000 to 100,000 heat units in the Scoville Scale.[2]

The cultivar name is Tagalog, and literally translates to "wild chili."[1] It is also known simply as labuyo or labuyo chili.[3] It is also sometimes known as Filipino bird's eye, to differentiate it from the Thai bird's eye chili. Both are commonly confused with each other in the Philippines, though they are cultivars of two different species.[4] Siling labuyo is one of two common kinds of local chili found in the Philippines, the other being siling haba (a Capsicum annuum cultivar).[5]

Siling labuyo is generally accepted as the world's smallest hot pepper, as the fruit often measure a mere 0.20 in (0.51 cm) in length by 0.10 in (0.25 cm) in width.[6]

It is listed in the Ark of Taste international catalog of endangered heritage foods of the Philippines by the Slow Food movement.[7]

Taxonomy and names

Siling labuyo is officially known under the cultivar name Capsicum frutescens 'Siling labuyo'. It belongs to the species Capsicum frutescens. Related cultivars to 'Siling labuyo' include 'Tabasco', 'Malagueta', and 'Peri-peri'.[1]

The common name is Tagalog for "wild chili", from sili ("chili") and the enclitic suffix -ng, and labuyo ("growing wild", also a term for wild chicken or junglefowl).[1][8] Other local names for it include chileng bundok, siling palay, pasitis, pasite (Tagalog); katumbal, kutitot, siling kolikot (Bisaya); katumba or lara jangay (Tausug); sili ti diablo (Ilocano); lada,sambalas, rimorimo (Bicolano); paktin (Ifugao); and luya tiduk (Maranao).[9]

Description

A mature siling labuyo bush

Like other Capsicum frutescens cultivars, siling labuyo has a compact habit, growing between 1 and 4 ft (0.30 and 1.22 m) high. They have smooth ovate to lanceolate leaves that are around 2.5 in (6.4 cm) in length with pointed tips. They produce small greenish-white flowers with purple stamens. These develop into a large number of small, tapering fruits that are around 0.20 to 0.70 in (0.51 to 1.78 cm) in length. The fruits are very pungent and are characteristically borne erect (pointing upwards). Immature fruits are deep green in color and usually ripen to a vivid red. Depending on maturity and the variety, they can display a range of other colors, including yellow, orange, white, or a vivid purple. Flowers and fruits are often clustered in groups of 2 to 3 at a node.[1][10][11][12]

Siling labuyo fruits are small but are very hot. It measures around 80,000-100,000 Scoville units which is at the lower end of the range for the hotter habanero chili.[2] At one time it was even listed as the hottest chili in the Guinness Book of World Records but other hotter varieties of chili have since been identified.

Ingredient in cooking

Although not as central in Filipino cuisine as bird's eye chilies are in other cuisines of Southeast Asia, it is still an often-used ingredient. Its leaves are usually consumed as a vegetable, such as in dishes like tinola.[1][13]

The most common use of siling labuyo, however, is in dipping sauces (sawsawan), which almost universally accompanies fried or grilled Filipino dishes. Unlike in western cuisines, these dipping sauces are created by the diner according to their preferences and are not made beforehand. Siling labuyo is almost always offered as an optional spicy element, alongside calamansi, soy sauce, vinegar, and patis (Filipino fish sauce).[14][15][16]

Siling labuyo is also an essential ingredient in palapa, a sweet and spicy condiment made with scallions, coconut, ginger, and turmeric that is central to the cuisine of the Maranao people.[17][18]

Siling labuyo can also used to make Filipino-style spiced vinegar (like sinamak and sukang pinakurat) which is also used as a dipping sauce. Instead of mixing fresh chilis on the table, the vinegar itself is infused with a large amount of siling labuyo and other spices and stored in bottles or mason jars. They can be kept for long periods in the refrigerator and their taste develops with time.[14]

  • Labuyo chilis and calamansi are mixed with soy sauce, vinegar, and/or fish sauce at the diner's preference to create a dipping sauce (sawsawan)[14]

  • Sinamak, a Filipino traditional spiced vinegar, is made by preserving siling labuyo and other spices in sugarcane or palm vinegar

  • Palapa, a sweet and spicy condiment central to the Maranao cuisine

  • Edible leaves of siling labuyo

  • Suam na asuhos (whiting soup) with siling labuyo and malunggay leaves and misua noodles

  • Chicken tinola with siling labuyo leaves

Natural pesticide use

Siling labuyo can be used as a natural pesticide on crops in the Philippines. The fruit, skin and seeds of siling labuyo are all effective for ants, aphids, caterpillars, Colorado beetle, cabbage worms, warehouse and storage pests.[19][20]

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technology suggests that natural pest control mechanisms are beneficial and that the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems is encouraged.[21]

Commonly confused cultivars

Several introduced chili cultivars are increasingly being mislabeled as "siling labuyo" in Philippine markets (especially in Luzon), because these cultivars are generally easier to grow and harvest than siling labuyo. Their color and shape are also more consistent and they have a longer shelf life, but they are regarded as less spicy than siling labuyo.[1][22][23][24]

These mislabeled cultivars include the red bird's eye chili ("Thai chili"), which is actually a chili pepper cultivar from a different species (Capsicum annuum) that came by way of Thailand. Their fruits, unlike C. frutescens, are borne on the plant drooping down.[4] In Luzon, siling tingala and siling tari, high-yield F1 hybrids of C. frutescens and C. annuum from Taiwan are also commonly sold as siling labuyo. While they have C. frutescens ancestry (the fruits are also borne somewhat erect), they are much longer and uniformly red, similar to Thai bird's eye chilis.[22]

Chili cultivars commonly mislabeled as labuyo chili

  • Siling tingala, an F1 hybrid commonly mislabeled as "siling labuyo" in Luzon markets

  • Siling tari, named after cockfighting spurs (tari), due to the direction of growth of the fruits. It is also commonly mislabeled as "siling labuyo" in markets

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 DeWitt, D.; Bosland, P.W. (2009). The Complete Chile Pepper Book: A Gardener's Guide to Choosing, Growing, Preserving, and Cooking. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881929201. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "2018 Scoville Scale: Ultimate List of Pepper's & Their Scoville Heat Units". https://chasingchilli.com.au/scoville-scale/. 
  3. ↑ Loresco, Shadz (July 11, 2015). "'Superhots' spicing up PH chili industry". https://www.rappler.com/business/features/99021-superhots-good-commercial-opportunity-philippines. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Siling Labuyo: The Filipino Bird's Eye". April 30, 2017. https://www.pepperscale.com/siling-labuyo/. 
  5. ↑ Frial-McBride, Mary Grace (2016). "Extraction of resins from Capsicum annuum var. longum (Siling haba) for the study of their potential anti-microbial activities". Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 8 (3): 117–127. ISSN 0975-7384. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/146a/44e428a358dbf1fcadefcbf44c69b3b37e17.pdf. Retrieved March 24, 2018. 
  6. ↑ "The World's Smallest Hot Pepper". https://www.boopolo.com/2019/02/24/the-worlds-smallest-hot-pepper/. 
  7. ↑ "Siling Labuyo". https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/siling-labuyo-2/. 
  8. ↑ "labuyo". https://www.tagalog-dictionary.com/search?word=labuyo. 
  9. ↑ Capsicum Frutescens Linn. Sileng-Labuyo
  10. ↑ "Siling-labuyo". Philippine Medicinal Plants. http://www.stuartxchange.org/SilingLabuyo.html. 
  11. ↑ "Hot pepper". Republic of Philippines, Department of Agriculture. http://www.da.gov.ph/images/PDFFiles/FarmingTips/HighValueCrops/HotPepper.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Taculao, Patricia Bianca S. (November 16, 2019). "The color purple: Siling labuyo blooms in another bright color". Agriculture Monthly. https://www.agriculture.com.ph/2019/11/16/the-color-purple-siling-labuyo-blooms-in-another-bright-color/. 
  13. ↑ Nagpala, Ellaine Grace. (2007). A fresh look at siling labuyo. BAR Chronicle 8(10). Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Ponseca, Nicole; Trinidad, Miguel. "Filipino-Style Spiced Vinegar". https://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/filipino-spiced-vinegar-pinakurat. 
  15. ↑ "PINAY LIFESTYLE: Filipino dishes not complete without the "sawsawan" (dips) - The Complete "Sawsawan" Guide: Bulacan, Philippines". March 19, 2015. https://filipinawomensnetwork.org/epahayagan/the-complete-sawsawan-guide-bulakan-philippines. 
  16. ↑ "A Guide to Filipino Sawsawan (Dipping Sauces)". https://primer.com.ph/tips-guides/2019/06/13/a-guide-to-filipino-sawsawan-dipping-sauces/. 
  17. ↑ Polistico, Edgie (December 23, 2012). "Palapa". https://pinoyfoodillustrated.blogspot.com/2012/12/palapa.html. 
  18. ↑ Santos, Kara (September 27, 2018). "Home > Life Maranao condiment 'palapa' offers recipe for hope". ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/09/27/18/maranao-condiment-palapa-offers-recipe-for-hope. 
  19. ↑ Taculao, Patricia Bianca s. (2019-06-01). "Create an organic pepper spray using 'siling labuyo'". Manila Bulletin. https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila-bulletin/20190601/281891594760970. 
  20. ↑ "Siling labuyo: More than a hot spice". December 16, 2014. https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/383408/Local-News/Siling-labuyo-More-than-a-hot-spice. 
  21. ↑ "Plant Production and Protection Division: Integrated Pest Management". http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/ipm/en/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Salcedo, Margaux (July 31, 2016). "Slow Food campaign kicks into high gear in PH". https://business.inquirer.net/212701/slow-food-campaign-kicks-into-high-gear-in-ph. 
  23. ↑ Connie Veneracion (January 16, 2016). "Correction: "siling labuyo" is not the same as bird's eye chili". CasaVeneracion. http://casaveneracion.com/correction-siling-labuyo-not-birds-eye-chili/. 
  24. ↑ "Sili - Philippine Chilis". https://clovegarden.com/ingred/cp_philz.html. 

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