Biology:Lycodes
| Lycodes | |
|---|---|
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| Lycodes turneri | |
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| Lycodes vahlii | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Zoarcidae |
| Subfamily: | Lycodinae |
| Genus: | Lycodes J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1831[1] |
| Type species | |
| Lycodes vahlii Reinhardtm, 1831[2]
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Lycodes is a genus of zoarcid fish in the subfamily Lycodinae.[1][3] It is the most species-rich genus in its taxonomic family as well as in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waters. They occupy both shallow waters and deeper waters down to 3000 meters. A few species can occur in brackish waters.[4]
Taxonomy
Lycodes was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1831 by the Danish zoologist Johan Reinhard when he described Lycodes vahlii,[2] which he described from off Greenland.[1] The genus is classified in the subfamily Lycodinae, one of four subfamilies in the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts.[5] Four species, L. albonotata, L. teraoi, L. toyamensis and L. toyamesnsis are classified within the genus Petroschmidtia by some authorities.[6]
Etymology
Lycodes means "having the form of a wolf", being a combination of lykos meaning "wolf" and oides meaning "similar to". Reinhardt though the teeth were similar to those of Anarhichas lupus and thought that the two taxa were closely related.[7]
Species
Currently, 64 species are placed in this genus, divided into two subgenera:[3][7]
Description
The genus is characterized by one autapomorphy: submental crests, the more or less pronounced cartilage extensions on the lower jaws. Within the genus, one clade has been identified, the "short-tailed" Lycodes that are associated with shallower depths (0–1200 m) than the long-tailed species (3–3000 m). Short tail might represent an adaptation to shallow, Arctic waters; the clade includes many Arctic endemics. In contrast, the long-tailed species do not form a monophyletic group. Coloration of all short-tailed Lycodes includes some sorts of stripes, marks, or reticulations, while the long-tailed species are uniformly brownish, striped, or spotted.[4]
Ecology
Lycodes are bottom-dwelling fish with a relatively stationary life style. The eggs are benthic, few in number (<2000) and large in size (as large as 10 mm (0.4 in)).[4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron; van der Laan, Richard, eds. "Species in the genus Lycodes". California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Lycodes.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron; van der Laan, Richard, eds. "Genera in the family Lycodinae". California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Lycodinae.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2018). Species of Lycodes in FishBase. June 2018 version.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Møller, Peter R.; Gravlund, Peter (2003). "Phylogeny of the eelpout genus Lycodes (Pisces, Zoarcidae) as inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rDNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26 (3): 369–388. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00362-7. PMID 12644398.
- ↑ Anderson , M. E.; V. V . Fedorov (2004). "Family Zoarcidae Swainson 1839 — eelpouts". California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes 34. https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/zoarcidae.pdf.
- ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron; van der Laan, Richard, eds. "Species in the genus Petroschmidtia". California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Petroschmidtia.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara, eds (6 May 2022). "Order Perciformes Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Family: Zoarcidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. http://etyfish.org/perciformes14/.
Wikidata ☰ Q1879562 entry
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