Biology:Edible bird's nest

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Short description: Bird nests made out of solidified swiftlet saliva, harvested for human consumption
Edible bird's nest
Edible-birds-nest-bowl-shape.png
Edible bird's nest
Region or stateSoutheast Asia and East Asia
Edible bird's nest
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Edible bird's nests, also known as swallow nests (Chinese: 燕窝; pinyin: yànwō), are bird nests created from solidified saliva by edible-nest swiftlets, Indian swiftlets and other swiftlets of the genera Aerodramus, Hydrochous, Schoutedenapus and Collocalia, which are harvested for human consumption.

Swallow nests have been used as a delicacy for over 400 years, most often as soup.[1] They are particularly prized in Chinese cuisine due to the rarity, high protein content and rich flavor, and are among the most expensive animal products consumed by humans,[2] with prices up to about $4,300 per pound ($9,500/kg) depending on grading.[3] The type or grading of a swallow nest depends on the bird species, as well as the shape and color of the bird's nest. It is usually white in color, but there also exists a red version that is sometimes called "blood nest" (血燕). According to traditional Chinese medicine, it promotes good health, especially for the skin.[4]

Etymology

The Chinese name for edible bird's nest, Chinese: 燕窩 (yànwō), translates literally as "swallow's (or swift's) nest"; in Indonesia "sarang burung walet" often serves as a synonym for bird's nest soup.[citation needed]

Culinary use

Dried swiftlet nests ready for cooking
A bowl of bird's nest soup

The best-known use of edible bird's nest is bird's nest soup, a delicacy in Chinese cuisine.[2] When dissolved in water, the bird's nests have a flavored gelatinous texture utilized in soup or sweet soup (tong sui). It is mostly referred to as 燕窩 (yànwō) unless references are made to the savory or sweet soup in Chinese cuisine. According to the Qing dynasty manual of gastronomy, the Suiyuan shidan, bird's nest was regarded as a delicate ingredient not to be flavored or cooked with anything overpowering or oily. While it is rare and expensive, it must be served in relatively large quantities; otherwise its texture cannot be fully experienced and enjoyed.[5]

In addition to their use in soup, edible bird's nests can be used as an ingredient in other dishes. They can be cooked with rice to produce bird's nest congee or bird's nest boiled rice, or they can be added to egg tarts and other desserts. A bird's nest jelly can be made by placing the bird's nest in a ceramic container with minimal water and sugar (or salt) before double steaming.[citation needed]

Production and harvest

Natural birds' nests, Ko Rangnok ('Bird's Nest Island'), Thailand
Nesting house for swiftlets, Ban Laem District, Phetchaburi Province, Thailand

The most heavily harvested nests are from the edible-nest swiftlet or white-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) and the black-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus maximus).[6] Previous studies conducted by Lee et al. have reported that the nutrient composition of edible bird's nest is dependent on the country of origin,[7] food intake of the birds, climate and breeding sites. Most nests are built during the breeding season by the male swiftlet over a period of 35 days. They take the shape of a shallow cup stuck to the cave wall. The nests are composed of interwoven strands of salivary cement. Both nests have high levels of calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium.[2]

The nests were formerly harvested from caves, principally the enormous limestone caves at Gomantong and Niah in Borneo. With the escalation in demand these sources have been supplanted since the late-1990s by purpose-built nesting houses, usually reinforced concrete structures following the design of the Southeast Asian shop-house ("rumah toko"/"ruko").[8] These nesting houses are normally found in urban areas near the sea, since the birds have a propensity to flock in such places. It has become an expanding industry as is evident in such places as the province of North Sumatra or the Pak Phanang District in Thailand. From those places the nests are mostly exported to the markets in Hong Kong, which has become the center of the world trade in bird's nests; the industry is valued at around HK$4.3billion per year,[9] although most of the final consumers are from mainland China. China is the world's largest consumer of birds' nests, accounting for more than 90 percent of consumption.[9]

In some places, nest gatherers (known in the Philippines as busyadors)[10][11] have seen a steep decline in the number of birds and a rise in unexplained fatalities.[12]

Color

Although bird's nest is usually white, there also exists a red version, called "blood nest" (Chinese: 血燕; pinyin: xuě yàn), which is significantly more expensive and believed to have more medicinal value. In the market, a kilogram of white bird's nest can fetch up to US$2,800, and a kilogram of red nests up to US$14,000.[citation needed]

The reason for its characteristic redness has been a puzzle for centuries. Contrary to popular beliefs, red bird's nest does not contain hemoglobin, the protein responsible for the color of human blood.[2] Researchers reported in 2013 that 'bird soil' containing guano droppings from bird houses were able to turn white edible bird's nests red, and that edible bird's nests' color is likely caused by environmental factors in cave interiors and bird houses.[13]

Subsequently, a research team at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore has found that its redness is caused by the vapor of reactive nitrogen species in the atmosphere of the bird house or cave reacting with the mucin glycoprotein of the initially formed white bird nest. Red bird's nest contains tyrosine that has combined with reactive nitrogen species to form 3-nitrotyrosine. At high concentrations, 3-nitrotyrosine produces a distinctively rich red color, while at lower concentrations, it produces the characteristic yellow, golden and orange colors seen in other varieties of bird's nest products.[14][15]

The researchers also note that the bird nest also readily absorbs nitrite and nitrate from the process' vapor which explains why the red bird's nest contains a high concentration of nitrite and nitrate, which are known to lead to carcinogenic compounds. This may mean that non-white bird's nests are harmful to human health.[14][16]

Market

A box of bird's nests selling for US$888.99

Indonesia is the largest bird's nest producer in Southeast Asia, exporting around 2,000 metric tons (2,000 long tons; 2,200 short tons) per year, followed by Malaysia at 600 metric tons (590 long tons; 660 short tons), and Thailand, 400 metric tons (390 long tons; 440 short tons). The Philippines, producing roughly 5 metric tons (4.9 long tons; 5.5 short tons) per year, is the smallest producer.[9]

The bird's nest industry in 2014 accounts for 0.5 percent of the Indonesian GDP, a GDP percentage equivalent to about a quarter of the country's fishing industry. In Thailand, the trade value of bird's nests, both wild and "farmed", is estimated at around 20 billion baht per year.[9] The industry globally is an estimated US$8.5 billion.[17]

Hong Kong and the United States are the largest importers of nests.[18] In Hong Kong, a bowl of bird's nest soup costs US$30 to US$100.[1][18]

Counterfeiting

Besides the natural coloration process, the white nests can be treated with red pigment to defraud buyers, but methods have been developed to determine an adulterated nest. Natural red cave nests are often found in limestone caves in Pak Phayun District, Thailand.[2][9] The high returns and growing demand have attracted counterfeiters, leading to the halt of Malaysian nest exports to China. The Malaysian government has since employed RFID technology to thwart counterfeiting by micro-chipping nests with details about harvesting, packaging, and transport.[19] Industrial quality-control techniques such as failure mode and effects analysis have been applied to bird's nest processing at nesting houses in Sarawak, Malaysia and reported by a research team at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.[20][21][22]

Authentication

The high demand for edible bird's nest has garnered the attention of counterfeiters to defraud buyers. Fake edible bird's nest or edible bird's nest with adulterants may be harmful to those who consume it. Hence, there is an urgent need to find a solution to the issues regarding the authenticity and quality of the edible bird's nest. Numerous sophisticated techniques have been used for the detection of adulterants in edible bird's nest such as energy disperse X-ray microanalysis, electronic microscopy and spectroscopy.[23] Some other methods including DNA-based polymerase chain reactions, protein-based two-dimension gel electrophoresis and genetic identification based on mitochondrial DNA have found applications in the authentication of edible bird's nest. Previous studies used gel electrophoresis in combination with liquid chromatographic methods to identify some common adulterants in edible bird's nest.[7][24] In this study, gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography were used for protein profiling and amino acids studies of cave and house nests, and others samples such as white fungus, fish swimming bladder, jelly and egg white. Each of the samples had a unique protein profile which will be reflected on the protein gel and these results were supported by the chromatographic analysis. Gel electrophoresis also was used to identify and differentiate the edible bird's nests based on their geographical origins.[7]

Import restrictions

Because a bird's nest is an animal product, it is subject to strict import restrictions in some countries, particularly with regard to H5N1 avian flu.[citation needed]

In Canada, commercially prepared, canned, and sterile bird's nest preparations are generally acceptable, but may be subject to import restrictions.[25]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hobbs, Joseph J. (2004). "Problems in the harvest of edible birds' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo". Biodiversity and Conservation 13 (12): 2209–2226. doi:10.1023/b:bioc.0000047905.79709.7f. "A few species of swift, the cave swifts, are renowned for building the saliva nests used to produce the unique texture of this soup". 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Marcone, Massimo F. (1 July 2005). "Characterization of the edible bird's nest the 'Caviar of the East'". Food Research International 38 (10): 1125–1134. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008. ISSN 0963-9969. 
  3. ↑ "eBay search: edible bird's nest, sold". http://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_sadis=15&_dmd=1&LH_Complete=1&LH_Sold=1&_stpos=38024&_ipg=50&_from=R40&_nkw=edible+bird%27s+nest&_sop=3. 
  4. ↑ Maierbrugger, Arno (20 August 2013). "Vietnam seeks investors for edible bird's nest industry". Inside Investor. http://investvine.com/vietnam-seeks-investors-for-edible-birds-nest-industry/. 
  5. ↑ "Seafoods 1: Bird's Nest (燕窩)". 2014. https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/seafoods-1-birds-nest-%E7%87%95%E7%AA%A9/. 
  6. ↑ Gausset, Quentin (2004). "Chronicle of a Foreseeable Tragedy: Birds' Nests Management in the Niah Caves (Sarawak)". Human Ecology 32 (4): 487–506. doi:10.1023/b:huec.0000043517.23277.54. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Hun, Lee Ting; Wani, Waseem A.; Poh, Heng Yong; Baig, Umair; Ti Tjih, Eddie Tan; Nashiruddin, Noor Idayu; Ling, Yong Ee; Aziz, Ramlan Abdul (2016). "Gel electrophoretic and liquid chromatographic methods for the identification and authentication of cave and house edible bird's nests from common adulterants". Analytical Methods 8 (3): 526–536. doi:10.1039/c5ay02170g. ISSN 1759-9660. 
  8. ↑ "Inside of a Successful Bird's Nest House". House of Bird's Nest. http://houseofbirdsnest.com/birds-nest-farm/our-swiftlet-house/the-inside-of-a-successful-birds-nest-house/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Panyaarvudh, Jintana (11 October 2018). "An economic nesting ground". The Nation. http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/business/30356222. 
  10. ↑ Satizábal, Paul; Dressler, Wolfram H.; Guieb III, Eulalio R.; Varquez Jr., Jessie G.; Fabinyi, Michael (29 November 2021). "Seascape shadows: Life in the ruins of the edible bird's nest harvest in northern Palawan, the Philippines" (in en). Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 5 (4): 1966–1993. doi:10.1177/25148486211058585. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/25148486211058585. Retrieved 25 October 2022. 
  11. ↑ Ganancial, Rachel (10 January 2022). "The last of El Nido's "busyadors"". https://palawan-news.com/the-last-of-el-nidos-busyadors/. 
  12. ↑ "The remote island of nest gatherers". https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p07fnkb5/the-remote-island-of-nest-gatherers. 
  13. ↑ But, Paul Pui-Hay; Jiang, Ren-Wang; Shaw, Pang-Chui (2013-01-09). "Edible bird's nests—how do the red ones get red?". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 145 (1): 378–380. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.050. ISSN 1872-7573. PMID 23142487. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Shim, Eric Kian-Shiun; Lee, Soo-Ying (2018-06-06). "Nitration of Tyrosine in the Mucin Glycoprotein of Edible Bird's Nest Changes Its Color from White to Red". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66 (22): 5654–5662. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01619. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 29783841. 
  15. ↑ "How Edible Bird's Nest Changes Colour From White to Red" (in en-US). 2018-12-20. https://www.avianscienceinstitute.com/how-edible-birds-nest-changes-colour-from-white-to-red/. 
  16. ↑ "Highlight: Colour of Bird's Nest". https://spms.ntu.edu.sg/ChemistryandBiologicalChemistry/Research/Pages/Highlight-Birds-Nest-Colour.aspx. 
  17. ↑ "Vietnam Seeks Millions for Edible Bird Spit Industry". Bloomberg News. 18 August 2013. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-18/vietnam-seeks-millions-for-edible-bird-spit-industry.html. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Park, Therese (8 February 2005). "Bird-nest Soup, Anyone?". Koreabridge Writings. http://www.koreabridge.com/writings/nonfiction/tpark_birdsnestsoup.shtml. 
  19. ↑ "Chinese Delicacy Tagged with RFID". 30 June 2012. http://www.rfidworld.ca/chinese-delicacy-tagged-with-rfid/939. 
  20. ↑ Jong, Chian Haur; Tay, Kai Meng; Lim, Chee Peng (August 2013). "Application of the fuzzy Failure Mode and Effect Analysis methodology to edible bird nest processing". Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 96: 90–108. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2013.04.015. http://ir.unimas.my/8151/1/T8VW4J.pdf. 
  21. ↑ Tay, Kai Meng; Jong, Chian Haur; Lim, Chee Peng (July 2014). "A clustering-based failure mode and effect analysis model and its application to the edible bird nest industry". Neural Computing and Applications 26 (3): 551–560. doi:10.1007/s00521-014-1647-4. http://ir.unimas.my/4371/1/A%20clustering-based%20failure%20mode%20and%20effect%20analysis%20model%20and%20its%20application%20to%20the%20edible%20bird%20nest%20industry%20%28abstract%29.pdf. 
  22. ↑ Chang, Wui Lee; Tay, Kai Meng; Lim, Chee Peng (Nov 2015). "Clustering and visualization of failure modes using an evolving tree". Expert Systems with Applications 42 (20): 7235–7244. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2015.04.036. http://ir.unimas.my/8140/1/1-s2.0-S0957417415002729-main%281%29.pdf. 
  23. ↑ Wong, Hing-Lok; Siu, Wing-sum; Shum, Wai-ting; Gao, Si; Leung, Ping-Chung; Ko, Chun-Hay (December 2012). "Application of chinese herbal medicines to revitalize adult stem cells for tissue regeneration". Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 18 (12): 903–908. doi:10.1007/s11655-012-1293-3. ISSN 1672-0415. PMID 23238998. 
  24. ↑ Lee, Ting Hun; Wani, Waseem A.; Koay, Yin Shin; Kavita, Supparmaniam; Tan, Eddie Ti Tjih; Shreaz, Sheikh (October 2017). "Recent advances in the identification and authentication methods of edible bird's nest". Food Research International 100 (Pt 1): 14–27. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.036. ISSN 0963-9969. PMID 28873672. 
  25. ↑ "Egg Products - Import Procedures". 2014. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/imports/policies/animal-products-and-by-products/2001-5/eng/1321118887345/1321118981670. 

Bibliography

Further reading

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