Biology:Scincus scincus

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Short description: Species of lizard


Scincus scincus
Apothekerskink01.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Scincidae
Genus: Scincus
Species:
S. scincus
Binomial name
Scincus scincus

Scincus scincus, also commonly known as the sandfish skink, common sandfish or common skink, is a species of skink notable for its burrowing or swimming behaviour in sand.[2] It is native to the Sahara Desert and the Arabian Peninsula,[3][4] but is also kept as a pet elsewhere.[5][6]

Description

The name Algerian sandfish originated because of its ability to move through sand as if it were swimming. Adult common skinks usually reach about 20 cm (8 inches) in length, including the short tail.[7]

The common skink has developed a unique way of dealing with the desert heat: it can dive into loose, soft sand.[8] Its winding movements produce vibrations in the sand, with a consistent frequency of 3 Hz.[6] It does this to prevent its body from overheating and to escape potential predators, such as the Saharan Sand Viper (Cerastes vipera) [9]

This skink has a long, wedge-shaped snout with a countersunk lower jaw, shaped much like a basket. Its compact, tapered body is covered with smooth, shiny scales that may appear oily to the untrained eye, and its legs are short and sturdy with long, flattened and fringed shovel-like feet. The tail is short, tapering to a fine point. The coloration of this species is considered attractive, being yellow-caramel with brown-black cross bands. This lizard also has bead-like eyes so it can close them to keep sand out of its eyes. Similarly, its nostrils are very small to keep all of the sand out of its nose and lungs.[10]

The skink plays a small yet significant role in 13th century Islamic mythology originating in Algeria. To this day, nomadic tribes of the region believe that the skink's ability to avoid predators by diving into sand is a blessing that protects them from dangers of the desert and often keep the animal as a pet.

X-ray imaging[11][12][13][14] has demonstrated the lizard swims within sand using an undulatory gait with its limbs tucked against its sides rather than use its limbs as paddles[8] to propel itself forward. Subsequent studies of the mathematics of sandfish sand-swimming,[15] using robotic models,[16][14] and electromyography[17] show that the sandfish uses the optimum waveform to move through the sand with minimal energetic cost, given its anatomy.

To further support their title as a "sand-fish," these lizards are able to breathe even when completely submerged in the desert sand.[10] They breathe the tiny pockets of air between grains of sand, and a specially-formed respiratory tract catches inhaled particles before they reach the lungs. These particles are then expelled via sneezing.[10]

Range

File:Scincus scincus.ogv Species in the Scincus genus are distributed over an extensive belt of desert from the west coast of Africa, through the Sahara and into Arabia.[3][8]

Diet

A captive juvenile male common skink.

The sandfish skink is an insectivore. Sandfish have a diet of dubias, crickets, and mealworms. It can detect vibrations that nearby insects create while moving, using those vibrations to locate, ambush, and consume them.[18]

Hardiness

Sandfish are strong and resilient, since one of the most inhospitable places to live is their home. They live comfortably in temperatures of 54 degrees Celsius (130 degrees Fahrenheit) to 32 degrees Celsius (90 degrees Fahrenheit).[19]

Relatives

The sandfish has around 6 or 7 morphs. The sandfish is very similar to Peters's banded skink, a less wedge-nosed skink with different hands that are more similar to a blue tongue skink than a sandfish.[citation needed]

References

  1. ↑ Al Johany, A.M.H.; Amr, Z.S.S.; Egan, D.M.; Eid, E.K.A.; Els, J.; Sharifi, M.; Papenfuss, T.; Mateo, J.A. et al. (2021). "Scincus scincus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T164624A1062266. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T164624A1062266.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164624/1062266. Retrieved 20 February 2022. 
  2. ↑ Fountain, Henry (2009-07-21). "A Saharan Lizard Is a Sand Swimmer". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/science/21obsand.html?hpw. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "How 'Sandfish' Swim: Could Help Materials Handling And Process Technology Specialists" (in en). 2008-10-14. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081003122547.htm. 
  4. ↑ Malhotra, Richa (2016-11-16). "How the sandfish lizard stays sand-free" (in en). https://www.science.org/content/article/how-sandfish-lizard-stays-sand-free. 
  5. ↑ Hj Rosli, Syazwani (2020-07-13). "BKC Abuzz After Vendors' Return" (in en-US). https://borneobulletin.com.bn/bkc-abuzz-after-vendors-return-2/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Sandfish Ability to Swim Desert May Lead to New Technologies" (in en-US). 2008-10-05. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2008/10/05/sandfish-ability-to-swim-desert-may-lead-to-new-technologies/. 
  7. ↑ Hulick, Kathryn (2021-02-25). "What is a Sandfish? (with picture)" (in en-US). http://www.allthingsnature.org/what-is-a-sandfish.htm. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Baumgartner, Werner; Fidler, Florian; Weth, Agnes; Habbecke, Martin; Jakob, Peter; Butenweg, Christoph; Böhme, Wolfgang (2008). "Investigating the Locomotion of the Sandfish in Desert Sand Using NMR-Imaging". PLOS ONE 3 (10): e3309. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003309. PMID 18836551. Bibcode: 2008PLoSO...3.3309B. 
  9. ↑ Wu, Weibin; Lutz, Christian; Mersch, Simon; Thelen, Richard (October 2018). "Characterization of the microscopic tribological properties of sandfish ( Scincus scincus ) scales by atomic force microscopy". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (1): 2618–2627. doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.243. PMID 30416912. PMC 6204795. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328029805. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Stadler, Anna T.; Vihar, Boštjan; Günther, Mathias; Huemer, Michaela; Riedl, Martin; Shamiyeh, Stephanie; Mayrhofer, Bernhard; Böhme, Wolfgang et al. (2016-11-15). "Adaptation to life in aeolian sand: how the sandfish lizard, Scincus scincus, prevents sand particles from entering its lungs" (in en). Journal of Experimental Biology 219 (22): 3597–3604. doi:10.1242/jeb.138107. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 27852763. 
  11. ↑ Maladen, R. D.; Ding, Y.; Li, C.; Goldman, Daniel Ivan (2009). "Undulatory Swimming in Sand: Subsurface Locomotion of the Sandfish Lizard". Science 325 (5938): 314–318. doi:10.1126/science.1172490. PMID 19608917. Bibcode: 2009Sci...325..314M. http://crablab.gatech.edu/pages/publications/pdf/SandfishScienceC.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Biewener, Andrew A.; Patek, Sheila N. (2018) (in en). Animal locomotion (2 ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press (OUP). p. xii+223. ISBN 978-0-19-874315-6.  ISBN:0198743157
  13. ↑ Ramaswamy, Sriram (2010-08-10). "The Mechanics and Statistics of Active Matter". Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics (Annual Reviews) 1 (1): 323–345. doi:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-070909-104101. ISSN 1947-5454. Bibcode: 2010ARCMP...1..323R. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ijspeert, Auke J. (2014-10-10). "Biorobotics: Using robots to emulate and investigate agile locomotion". Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)) 346 (6206): 196–203. doi:10.1126/science.1254486. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25301621. Bibcode: 2014Sci...346..196I. http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/202118. 
  15. ↑ Ding, Yang; Sharpe, Sarah S.; Masse, Andrew; Goldman, Daniel I. (2012). "Mechanics of Undulatory Swimming in a Frictional Fluid". PLOS Computational Biology 8 (12): e1002810. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002810. PMID 23300407. Bibcode: 2012PLSCB...8E2810D. 
  16. ↑ Maladen, R. D.; Ding, Y.; Umbanhowar, P. B.; Kamor, A.; Goldman, Daniel I. (2011). "Mechanical models of sandfish locomotion reveal principles of high performance subsurface sand-swimming". Journal of the Royal Society Interface 8 (62): 1332–1345. doi:10.1098/rsif.2010.0678. PMID 21378020. 
  17. ↑ Sharpe, S. S.; Ding, Y.; Goldman, Daniel I. (2012). "Environmental interaction influences muscle activation strategy during sand-swimming in the sandfish lizard Scincus scincus". Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (2): 260–274. doi:10.1242/jeb.070482. PMID 23255193. http://jeb.biologists.org/content/216/2/260.full. 
  18. ↑ Hetherington, Thomas E. (1989-02-01). "Use of vibratory cues for detection of insect prey by the sandswimming lizard Scincus scincus" (in en). Animal Behaviour 37: 290–297. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90118-8. ISSN 0003-3472. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-3472%2889%2990118-8. 
  19. ↑ Mariah, Healey. "Lighting, Temps & Humidity". https://reptifiles.com/sandfish-care-guide/sandfish-temperatures-uvb-humidity/. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q620576 entry



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