Biology:Asian golden cat

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Short description: Small wild cat

Asian golden cat
Asian Golden cat.jpg
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Catopuma
Species:
C. temminckii
Binomial name
Catopuma temminckii
(Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)
AsianGoldenCat distribution.jpg
Distribution of the Asian golden cat, 2015[1]
Synonyms

Pardofelis temminckii

The Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) is a medium-sized wild cat native to the northeastern Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and China . It has been listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List since 2008, and is threatened by poaching and habitat destruction, since Southeast Asian forests are undergoing the world's fastest regional deforestation.[1]

The Asian golden cat's scientific name honours Coenraad Jacob Temminck. It is also called Temminck's cat and Asiatic golden cat.[2]

Taxonomy

Felis temmincki was the scientific name used in 1827 by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield who described a reddish brown cat skin from Sumatra.[3] Felis moormensis proposed by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1831 was a young male cat caught alive by Moormi hunters in Nepal.[4] Felis tristis proposed by Alphonse Milne-Edwards in 1872 was a spotted Asian golden cat from China.[5]

It was subordinated to the genus Catopuma proposed by Nikolai Severtzov in 1853.[6] Two subspecies are recognised as valid since 2017:[7]

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear DNA in tissue samples from all Felidae species revealed that the evolutionary radiation of the Felidae began in Asia in the Miocene around 14.45 to 8.38 million years ago.[8][9] Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of all Felidae species indicates a radiation at around 16.76 to 6.46 million years ago.[10] The Asian golden cat forms an evolutionary lineage together with the bay cat (C. badia) and the marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata), which diverged from a common ancestor between 8.42 to 4.27 million years ago, based on analysis of their nuclear DNA.[8][9] Analysis of their mitochondrial DNA indicates a genetic divergence from their common ancestor between 8.47 to 0.41 million years ago.[10] Both models agree that the marbled cat is the first species of this lineage that diverged, while the Asian golden cat and the bay cat diverged from each other about 6.42 to 0.03 million years ago[8][10]

The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic relationships of the Asian golden cat:[8][9][10]

Felidae 
 Felinae
 
 
 
 
 
 

Asian golden cat

 
 

Bay cat

 
 
 

Marbled cat

 
 
 
 

other Felinae lineages

 
 
 
 
 

Pantherinae

 
 

Characteristics

Illustration of skulls of Asian golden cat (bottom) and fishing cat (top)[11]
A grey morph of the Asian golden cat, Arunachal Pradesh, India

The Asian golden cat is a medium-sized cat with a head-to-body length of 66–105 cm (26–41 in), with a 40–57 cm (16–22 in) long tail, and is 56 cm (22 in) tall at the shoulder. In weight, it ranges from 9 to 16 kg (20 to 35 lb), which is about two or three times that of a domestic cat (Felis catus).[2]

The Asian golden cat is polymorphic in colour. Golden, reddish brown and buff brown individuals were recorded in northeastern India and Bhutan.[12][13][14][15][16] Reddish brown morphs were recorded in Sumatra.[3][17][18] Melanistic individuals were recorded in the eastern Himalayas,[12][13][19] and in Sumatra.[17] A spotted Asian golden cat with large rosettes on shoulders, flanks and hips was described for the first time based on a specimen from China in 1872.[5] This morph was recorded in China, Bhutan and in West Bengal's Buxa Tiger Reserve.[20][21][16]

Distribution and habitat

The Asian golden cat ranges from eastern Nepal, northeastern India and Bhutan to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, southern China , Malaysia and Sumatra. It prefers forest habitats interspersed with rocky areas and inhabits dry deciduous, subtropical evergreen and tropical rainforests.[22]

Since an individual was caught alive in 1831 in Nepal, the country was thought to be the westernmost part of the Asian golden cat's range.[4][23] In the 21st century, it was photographed in the country in May 2009 in Makalu Barun National Park, at an elevation of 2,517 m (8,258 ft).[19] In February 2019, it was also recorded in Gaurishankar Conservation Area at an elevation of 2,540 m (8,330 ft).[24]

In India, Asian golden cats were recorded in:

  • temperate and subalpine forest in Sikkim's Khangchendzonga National Park up to an elevation of 3,960 m (12,990 ft);[12]
  • wet hill forest of Buxa Tiger Reserve for the first time in February 2018 at elevations of 1,025 and 1,355 m (3,363 and 4,446 ft);[16]
  • open grasslands of Assam's Manas National Park;[25]
  • the Khasi hills of Meghalaya;[14]
  • Mizoram's Dampa Tiger Reserve;[26]
  • Arunachal Pradesh's Talley Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, Pakke Tiger Reserve, Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary and Singchung-Bugun Village Community Reserve.[27]

In Bhutan's Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, it was recorded by camera traps at an elevation of 3,738 m (12,264 ft).[21]

In northern Myanmar, it was recorded in Hkakaborazi National Park.[28] In 2015, it was recorded for the first time in the hill forests of Karen State.[29]

In Laos, it also inhabits bamboo regrowth, scrub and degraded forest from the Mekong plains to at least 1,100 m (3,600 ft).[30][31]

In China, it was recorded in protected areas in the Qinling and Minshan Mountains between 2004 and 2009.[32]

Results of surveys in Sumatra indicated that it is more common than sympatric small cats, suggesting that it is more numerous than thought before the turn of the 21st century. It has been recorded in Kerinci Seblat Gunung Leuser and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Parks.[17][33][34]

Behaviour and ecology

Asian golden cat with a piece of meat

Asian golden cats are territorial and solitary. Previous observations suggested that they are primarily nocturnal, but a field study on two radio-collared specimens revealed arrhythmic activity patterns dominated by crepuscular and diurnal activity peaks, with much less activity late at night. In the study, the male's territory was 47.7 km2 (18.4 sq mi) in size and increased by more than 15% during the rainy season. The female's territory was 32.6 km2 (12.6 sq mi) in size. Both cats traveled between only 55 m (180 ft) to more than 9 km (5.6 mi) in a day, and were more active in July than in March.[35] Asian golden cats recorded in northeast India were active during the day with activity peaks around noon.[27]

Asian golden cats can climb trees when necessary. They hunt birds, hares, rodents, reptiles, and small ungulates such as muntjacs and young sambar deer.[22] They are capable of bringing down prey much larger than themselves, such as domestic water buffalo calves.[36] In the mountains of Sikkim, Asian golden cats reportedly prey on ghoral.[37]

Captive Asian golden cats kill small prey with the nape bite typical of cats. They also pluck birds larger than pigeons before beginning to feed. Their vocalizations include hissing, spitting, meowing, purring, growling, and gurgling. Other methods of communication observed in captive Asian golden cats include scent marking, urine spraying, raking trees and logs with claws, and rubbing of the head against various objects – much like a domestic cat.[2]

Reproduction

Not much is known about the reproductive behavior of this rather elusive cat in the wild. Most of what is known has been learned from cats in captivity.[38] Female Asian golden cats are sexually mature between 18 and 24 months, while males mature at 24 months. Females come into estrus every 39 days, at which time they leave markings and seek contact with the male by adopting receptive postures.[39] During intercourse, the male will seize the skin of the neck of the female with his teeth. After a gestation period of 78 to 80 days, the female gives birth in a sheltered place to a litter of one to three kittens. The kittens weigh 220 to 250 g (7.8 to 8.8 oz) at birth, but triple in size over the first eight weeks of life. They are born already possessing the adult coat pattern and open their eyes after six to twelve days.[2] In captivity, they live for up to twenty years.[40]

Threats

The Asian golden cat inhabits some of the fastest developing countries in the world, where it is increasingly threatened by habitat destruction following deforestation, along with a declining ungulate prey base. In Sumatra, it has been reported killed in revenge for preying on poultry. In Southeast Asia and China, it is threatened by poaching for the illegal wildlife trade.[1] This trade has the greatest potential to do maximum harm in minimal time.[22]

Illegal wildlife trade

Asian golden cats are poached mainly for their fur.[41] In Myanmar, 111 body parts from at least 110 individuals were observed in four markets surveyed between 1991 and 2006. Numbers were significantly greater than those of non-threatened species. Among the observed skins was one with rosettes. Three of the surveyed markets are situated on international borders with China and Thailand and cater to international buyers, although the Asian golden cat is completely protected under the country's national legislation. Effective implementation and enforcement of CITES is considered inadequate.[42]

Conservation

Pardofelis temminckii is included in CITES Appendix I and fully protected over most of its range. Hunting is prohibited in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam. Hunting is regulated in Laos. No information about protection status is available from Cambodia.[22] In Bhutan, it is protected only within the boundaries of protected areas.[21]

In captivity

(As of December 2008), there were 20 Asian golden cats in eight European zoos participating in the European Endangered Species Programme. The pair in the Germany Wuppertal Zoo successfully bred in 2007, and in July 2008, two siblings were born and mother-reared. In 2008, a female kitten was also born in the French Parc des Félins. The species is also kept in the Singapore Zoo.[43] Apart from these, a few zoos in Southeast Asia and Australia also keep Asian golden cats.

Local names

In China, the Asian golden cat is thought to be a kind of leopard and is known as "rock cat" or "yellow leopard". Different colour phases have different names; those with black fur are called "inky leopards", and those with spotted coats are called "sesame leopards".[2]

In some regions of Thailand, the Asian golden cat is called Seua fai (Thai: เสือไฟ; "fire tiger"). According to a regional legend, the burning of an Asian golden cat's fur drives tigers away. Eating the flesh is believed to have the same effect. The Karen people believe that carrying a single hair of the cat is sufficient.[44] Many indigenous people believe the cat to be fierce, but in captivity it has been known to be docile and tranquil. In the south, it is called Kang kude (Thai: คางคูด) and believed to be a fierce animal that can hurt or eat livestock and larger animals such as elephants.[45]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 McCarthy, J.; Dahal, S.; Dhendup, T.; Gray, T.N.E.; Mukherjee, S.; Rahman, H.; Riordan, P.; Boontua, N. et al. (2015). "Catopuma temminckii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T4038A97165437. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4038/97165437. Retrieved 15 January 2022. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). "Asiatic golden cat Catopuma temminckii (Vigors and Horsfield, 1827)". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 52–56. ISBN 0-226-77999-8. https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/52. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vigors, N. A.; Horsfield, T. (1827). "Descriptions of two species of the genus Felis, in the collections of the Zoological Society". The Zoological Journal III (11): 449–451. https://archive.org/details/zoologicaljourna318271828sowe/page/450. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hodgson, B. H. (1831). "Some Account of a new Species of Felis". Gleanings in Science III (30): 177–178. https://archive.org/details/gleaningsscienc3/page/176. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Milne-Edwards, A. (1872). "Felis tristis, nov. sp.". Étude pour servir à l'histoire de la faune mammalogique de la Chine. Recherches pour servir à l'histoire des mammifères comprenant des considérations sur la classification de ces animaux. Paris: G. Masson. pp. 223−224. https://archive.org/stream/recherchespourse01miln/recherchespourse01miln#page/222/mode/2up. 
  6. ↑ Severtzow, M. N. (1858). "Notice sur la classification multisériale des Carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée X: 385–396. https://archive.org/stream/revueetmagasinde10soci#page/387/mode/2up. 
  7. ↑ Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V. et al. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group". Cat News Special Issue 11: 36−37. https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Retrieved 2018-06-15. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science 311 (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. Bibcode: 2006Sci...311...73J. https://zenodo.org/record/1230866. Retrieved 2019-06-29. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". in Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J.. Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142. Retrieved 2019-04-14. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research 26 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMID 26518481. 
  11. ↑ Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Genus Profelis Severtzow". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd.. pp. 258–266. https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n331/mode/2up. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Bashir, T.; Bhattacharya, T.; Poudyal, K.; Sathyakumar, S. (2011). "Notable observations on the melanistic Asiatic Golden cat (Pardofelis temminckii) of Sikkim, India". NeBIO 2 (1): 2–4. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Jigme, K. (2011). "Four colour morphs of and the altitudinal record of Asiatic Golden Cat in Bhutan". Cat News (55): 12–13. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Nadig, S.; R., N.; Silva, A. P. (2016). "Small cats in the Himalayan foothills: the Asian Golden Cat of Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary, India". Small Wild Cat Conservation News 2: 23. http://www.wild-cat.org/SWCCN/SWCCN_2016_02.pdf. Retrieved 2017-01-01. 
  15. ↑ Mukherjee, S.; Choudhary, P.; Arthreya, R.; Karunakaran, P. V. (2018). "Proceedings of the First International Small Wild Cat Conservation Summit, 11–14 September 2017, United Kingdom". in Appel, A.; Mukherjee, S.; Cheyne, S. M.. Bad Marienberg, Germany; Coimbatore, India; Oxford, United Kingdom: Wild Cat Network; Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History; Borneo Nature Foundation. pp. 11–12. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Ghose, M.; Sharma, D.; Murali, N. S. (2019). "First photographic evidence of polymorphic Asiatic Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa 11 (4): 13502–13505. doi:10.11609/jott.4254.11.4.13502-13505. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Holden, J. (2001). "Small cats in Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia". Cat News (35): 11–14. 
  18. ↑ Haidir, I. A.; Dinata, Y.; Linkie, M.; Macdonald, D. W. (2013). "Asiatic Golden Cat and Sunda Clouded Leopard occupancy in the Kerinci Seblat landscape, west-central Sumatra". Cat News (59): 7–10. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Ghimirey, Y.; Pal, P. (2009). "First camera trap image of Asiatic golden cat in Nepal". Cat News (51): 17. http://fonnepal.org/Downloads/CatNews51%20-%20Ghimirey%20%26%20Pal.pdf. Retrieved 2017-07-10. 
  20. ↑ Jutzeler, E.; Xie, Y.; Vogt, K. (2010). "Asiatic Golden Cat in China". Cat News (Special Issue 5): 40–41. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Wang, S. W. (2007). "A rare morph of the Asiatic golden cat in Bhutan's Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park". Cat News (47): 27–28. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996). "Asiatic golden cat, Catopuma temmincki (Vigors and Horsfield, 1827)". Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 69−70. 
  23. ↑ Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). "Felis temmincki Vigors & Horsfield, 1827". Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (Second ed.). London: British Museum. pp. 311−312. https://archive.org/details/checklistofpalae00elle/page/311. 
  24. ↑ Koju, N.P.; Bashyal, B.; Pandey, B.P.; Thami, S.; Dhamala, M.K.; Shah, S.N. (2020). "New record on Asiatic Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae): photographic evidence of its westernmost distribution in Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Nepal". Journal of Threatened Taxa 12 (2): 15256–15261. doi:10.11609/jott.5227.12.2.15256-15261. 
  25. ↑ Choudhury, A. (2007). "Sighting of Asiatic golden cat in the grasslands of Assam's Manas National Park". Cat News (47): 29. 
  26. ↑ Gouda, J.; Sethy, J.; Chauhan, N. P. S. (2016). "First photo capture of Asiatic golden cat in Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India". Cat News (64): 26–27. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Mukherjee, S.; Singh, P.; Silva, A.; Ri, C.; Kakati, K.; Borah, B.; Tapi, T.; Kadur, S. et al. (2019). "Activity patterns of the small and medium felid (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) guild in northeastern India". Journal of Threatened Taxa 11 (4): 13432−13447. doi:10.11609/jott.4662.11.4.13432-13447. 
  28. ↑ Rao, M.; Than Myint; Than Zaw; Saw Htun (2005). "Hunting patterns in tropical forests adjoining the Hkakaborazi National Park, north Myanmar". Oryx 39 (3): 292–300. doi:10.1017/S0030605305000724. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259874385. 
  29. ↑ Saw Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G. Z. L.; Gray, T. N. E. (2017). "First structured camera-trap surveys in Karen State, Myanmar, reveal high diversity of globally threatened mammals". Oryx 52 (3): 537−543. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001113. 
  30. ↑ Duckworth, J. W.; Salter, R. E.; Khounboline, K. (compilers) (1999). Wildlife in Lao PDR: 1999 Status Report. Vientiane: IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Wildlife Conservation Society, Centre for Protected Areas and Watershed Management. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/lao_wildlife_status_report_1999.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-06. 
  31. ↑ Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Saithongdam, T. (2009). "The diversity, status and conservation of small carnivores in a montane tropical forest in northern Laos". Oryx 43 (4): 626–633. doi:10.1017/S0030605309990238. http://faculty.nelson.wisc.edu/treves/pubs/Arlyne/oryx.pdf. Retrieved 2019-03-20. 
  32. ↑ Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z.; Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats living with pandas: The status of wild felids within giant panda range, China". Cat News (52): 20–23. 
  33. ↑ Pusparini, W.; Wibisono, H. T.; Reddy, G. V.; Tarmizi; Bharata, P. (2014). "Small and medium sized cats in Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia". Cat News (Special Issue): 4–9. 
  34. ↑ Weiskopf, S. R.; McCarthy, J. L.; McCarthy, K. P.; Shiklomanov, A. N.; Wibisono, H.T.; Pusparini, W. (2019). "The conservation value of forest fragments in the increasingly agrarian landscape of Sumatra". Environmental Conservation 46 (4): 340–346. doi:10.1017/S0376892919000195. 
  35. ↑ Grassman Jr., L. I.; Tewes, M. E.; Silvy, N. J.; Kreetiyutanont, K. (2005). "Ecology of three sympatric felids in a mixed evergreen forest in North-central Thailand". Journal of Mammalogy 86 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086<0029:EOTSFI>2.0.CO;2. https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-pdf/86/1/29/7025419/86-1-29.pdf. Retrieved 2019-03-20. 
  36. ↑ Tun Yin (1967). Wild animals of Burma. Rangoon Gazette Ltd., Rangoon.
  37. ↑ Biswas, B. and Ghose, R. K. (1982). Progress report 1 on pilot survey of the WWF-India/Zoological Survey of India collaborative project on the status survey of the lesser cats in eastern India. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.
  38. ↑ Jones, M.L. (1977). "Record keeping and longevity of felids in captivity". in Eaton, R.L.. The World's Cats. ((Volume 3, no. 3)). Seattle: Carnivore Research Institute, Burke Museum, University of Washington. 
  39. ↑ Mellen, J. (1989). Reproductive behaviour of small captive cats (Felis ssp.) (Ph.D. thesis). Davis: University of California.
  40. ↑ Prator, T.; Thomas, W.D.; Jones, M.; Dee, M. (1988). "A twenty-year overview of selected rare carnivores in captivity". Proceedings of 5th world conference on breeding endangered species in captivity. Cincinnati, Ohio. pp. 191–229. 
  41. ↑ Lynam, A. J.; Round, P.; Brockelman, W. Y. (2006). Status of birds and large mammals of the Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex, Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Biodiversity Research and Training Program and Wildlife Conservation Society. http://www.wcsthailand.org/main/downloads/dpky/DPKY_project.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-06. 
  42. ↑ Shepherd, C. R.; Nijman, V. (2008). The wild cat trade in Myanmar. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia. http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_mammals40.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-06. 
  43. ↑ EAZA Felid TAG (2009). EAZA Felid TAG Annual Report 2007–2008 . In: EAZA Yearbook 2007/2008. European Association of Zoos and Aquaria
  44. ↑ Lekagul, B.; McNeely, J.A. (1977). Mammals of Thailand. Bangkok: Association for the Conservation of Wildlife. 
  45. ↑ "เสือไฟกัดช้างตาย" (in th). Bangkokbiznews. 2015. http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/news/detail/626756. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q192233 entry




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