Biology:Anaea (butterfly)

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Short description: Genus of butterflies


Anaea
LEAFWING, TROPICAL (Anaea aidea) (8-9-12) 78 circulo montana, patagonia lake ranch estates, scc, az -05 copy (7750165642).jpg
Anaea aidea
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Tribe: Anaeini
Genus: Anaea
Hübner, [1819]
Type species
Papilio troglodyta
Fabricius, 1775
Species

See list

Anaea are a genus of charaxine butterflies in the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae.[1][2] The butterflies are commonly known as leafwings. Members of the genus are found throughout the United States , Central America, and the Caribbean.

The genus was described by Jacob Hübner in 1819 and formerly contained 225 different species of butterflies. Subsequent revisions to the genus have narrowed the genus to contain three species: its type species, Anaea troglodyta; Anaea aidea; and Anaea andria.

Taxonomy

Anaea was formerly considered as one of the largest butterfly genera.[3] At its peak, it contained over 225 different species of butterflies.[4] The genus had formerly contained almost all members of the subfamily Charaxinae found in the Neotropical realm.[5] Eventually, several species were placed into the related genera Memphis and Fountainea.[6] Members of the genus Memphis have been considered a separate genus from Anaea (Pelham 2008) or as a subspecies within Anaea (Caldas 1994) by different authorities.[7][6] The butterfly genus was described as being "a fauna that far outstrips anything comparable elsewhere", having "commanded the admiration of even the most gold-mad conquistadores".[3] The type species for the genus is Anaea troglodyta, described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775 as Papilio troglodyta in Systema entomologiae.[8]

The genus Anaea is sometimes recognized as a monotypic genus consisting solely of Anaea troglodyta.[9] This monotypic interpretation is in line with Gerardo Lamas' 2004 description in Checklist of Neotropical Butterflies : Part 4A Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea.[10] The Integrated Taxonomic Information System, citing Johnathan P. Pelham's 2008 A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature instead lists three species: A. aidea, A. andria, and A. troglodyta.[11] Pelham's three-species classification is accepted by BugGuide[6] and Butterflies of America.[12]

Life history

The genus Anaea is associated with its host plant being members of the genus Croton.[5] A. aidea feeds on Croton humilis,[13] A. andria feeds on Croton monanthogynus and Croton texensis,[14] and A. troglodyta feeds on Croton cascarilla.[15][16]

The butterflies show variable seasonal forms depending on emergence, with both wet (winter) and dry (summer) season forms.[4]

Distribution

The butterflies are found throughout the Central and Southern portions of North America. Anaea aidea is found from Costa Rica and north into Mexico. It can stray north into the United States , as far north as the state of Kansas.[17] Anaea andria is found throughout the Eastern and Southern United States, in the states of Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana , Iowa, Louisiana, Nebraska, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee , Texas , Virginia, and Wyoming.[14][18] It can stray into Mexico and Southern Canada (Ontario).[19][20] It is listed as "Critically Imperiled" in Virginia, and "Vulnerable" in Indiana according to NatureServe's conservation status.[18] Anaea troglodyta is found on the southern portion of peninsular Florida and the Florida Keys, as well as most of the Caribbean, including: the Cayman Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.[21] NatureServe and the National Park Service lists subspecies floridalis as being restricted to Long Pine Key in Everglades National Park.[22][23]

Species

Photograph Scientific name Common Name Distribution
Anaea aidea 104674864.jpg Anaea aidea
(Guérin-Méneville, 1844)		 Tropical leafwing Southern United States and Central America
Goatweed Leafwing, Anaea andria, male.jpg Anaea andria
Scudder, 1875		 Goatweed leafwing
Goatweed butterfly		 Central and Southern United States and Mexico
Cuban red leaf (Anaea troglodyta cubana) underside.JPG Anaea troglodyta
(Fabricius, 1775)		 Florida leafwing
Cuban red leaf butterfly		 Southern Florida and Caribbean

References

  1. ↑ "Anaea Hübner, 1819". GBIF. https://www.gbif.org/species/1907130. 
  2. ↑ "ITIS - Report: Anaea". https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=777617#null. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Klots, A. B. (1 March 1957). "Butterflies of the American Tropics, The Genus Anaea". Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 3 (1): 40. doi:10.1093/besa/3.1.40a. https://academic.oup.com/ae/article/3/1/40/218400. Retrieved 21 March 2022. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Johnson, Frank; Comstock, William Phillips (1941). "Anaea of the Antilles and Their Continental Relationships with Descriptions of New Species, Subspecies and Forms (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, Nymphalidæ)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society 49 (4): 301–343. ISSN 0028-7199. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25004935. Retrieved 27 March 2022. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Queiroz, J. M. (November 2002). "Host plant use among closely related Anaea butterfly species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Charaxinae)". Brazilian Journal of Biology 62 (4a): 657–663. doi:10.1590/S1519-69842002000400014. PMID 12659016. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Genus Anaea - Leafwings". Iowa State University. https://bugguide.net/node/view/5434. 
  7. ↑ Caldas, Astrid (1994). "Biology of Anaea ryphea (Nymphalidae) in Campinas, Brazil" (in en). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 48: 248–257. https://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1990s/1995/1995-49(3)234-Caldas.pdf. Retrieved 27 March 2022. 
  8. ↑ "ANAEA - Butterflies and Moths of the World". The Trustees of The Natural History Museum, London. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/butmoth/search/GenusDetails.dsml?NUMBER=1423.0. 
  9. ↑ Savela, Markku. "Anaea Hübner, [1819"]. http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/charaxinae/anaea/. 
  10. ↑ Lamas G ed. (2004) Checklist of Neotropical Butterflies : Part 4A Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. Gainesville: Scientific Publishers/Association of Tropical Lepidoptera.
  11. ↑ "ITIS - Report: Anaea Hübner, 1819". https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=777617#null. 
  12. ↑ "Genus Anaea". Butterflies of America Foundation. http://butterfliesofamerica.com/t/Anaea_a.htm. 
  13. ↑ Dauphin, Jan (29 June 2015). "TROPICAL LEAFWING - Anaea aidea LIFE CYCLE STUDY". http://www.thedauphins.net/tropical_leafwing_life_cycle_study.html#:~:text=Low%20Croton%20or%20Berlandier%20Croton%20%2D%20Croton%20humilis%20is%20a%20very,the%20Tropical%20Leafwing%20%2D%20Anaea%20aidea.. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Goatweed Leafwing Anaea andria Scudder, 1875". Metalmark Web and Data. https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Anaea-andria. 
  15. ↑ "Florida Leafwing Anaea troglodyta floridalis F. Johnson & W.P. Comstock, 1941". Metalmark Web and Data. https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Anaea-troglodyta-floridalis. 
  16. ↑ "Species Anaea troglodyta - Florida Leafwing - Hodges#4553". Iowa State University. https://bugguide.net/node/view/5435. 
  17. ↑ "Tropical Leafwing Anaea aidea (Guérin-Méneville, [1844)"]. 2022 Metalmark Web and Data. https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Anaea-aidea. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Anaea andria Goatweed Leafwing". https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.115413/Anaea_andria. 
  19. ↑ Cavasin, Rick. "Goatweed Leafwing". https://www.ontariobutterflies.ca/families/nymphalidae/goatweed-leafwing. 
  20. ↑ "153.1. Goatweed Leafwing, Anaea andria". Toronto Entomologists' Association. https://www.ontarioinsects.org/atlas/index.html?Sort=153.1. 
  21. ↑ Hill, Armas. "BUTTERFLIES and MOTHS in the West Indies of the Caribbean". Focus on Nature Tours. https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/default/files/documents/Butterflies%20and%20Moths%20in%20the%20West%20Indies%20during%20Focus%20On%20Nature%20Tours.pdf. "(Range: in the Caribbean, in Jamaica, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and some of the Lesser Antilles)" 
  22. ↑ "Anaea troglodyta floridalis Florida Leafwing". https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.120485/Anaea_troglodyta_floridalis. 
  23. ↑ "Florida Leafwing - Everglades National Park" (in en). 17 October 2017. https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/floridaleafwing.htm. 

Wikidata ☰ Q2845097 entry



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