Biology:Viviparous brotula
| Viviparous brotulas | |
|---|---|
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| Hephthocara simum | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Ophidiiformes |
| Family: | Bythitidae T. N. Gill, 1861 |
| Subfamilies | |
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See text | |
The viviparous brotulas form a family, the Bythitidae, of ophidiiform fishes. They are known as viviparous brotulas as they generally bear live young,[1] although there are indications that some species (at least Didymothallus criniceps) do not.[2] They are generally infrequently seen, somewhat tadpole-like in overall shape and mostly about 5–10 cm (2–4 in) in length,[1] but some species grow far larger and may surpass 60 cm (2 ft).[3][4]
Although many live near the coast in tropical or subtropical oceans,[1] there are also species in deep water and cold oceans, for example Bythites.[5] Thermichthys hollisi, which lives at depths of around 2,500 m (8,200 ft), is associated with thermal vents.[6] A few are fresh or brackish water cavefish: the Mexican blind brotula (Typhliasina pearsei), Galapagos cuskeel (Ogilbia galapagosensis), Diancistrus typhlops and some Lucifuga species.[2][7]
Since 2002, more than 110 new species have been added to this family.[8] In 2005, 26 new species were described in a single paper by Danish and German scientists[9] and in 2007, an additional eight new genera with 20 new species were described in another paper by the same scientists.[10]
In some classifications the family Aphyonidae is placed within the Bythitidae and the tribe Dinematichthyini of the subfamily Brosmophycinae has been raised to the status of a family, the Dinematichthyidae which contains 25 genera and 114 species.[11]
The Bythitidae is divided as follows:
- Subfamily Brosmophycinae
- Tribe Dinematichthyini
- Alionematichthys
- Beaglichthys
- Brosmolus
- Brotulinella
- Dactylosurculus
- Dermatopsis
- Dermatopsoides
- Diancistrus
- Didymothallus
- Dinematichthys
- Dipulus
- Gunterichthys
- Lapitaichthys
- Majungaichthys
- Mascarenichthys
- Monothrix
- Nielsenichthys
- Ogilbia
- Ogilbichthys
- Paradiancistrus
- Porocephalichthys
- Typhliasina
- Ungusurculus
- Zephyrichthys
- Tribe Brosmophycini
- Bidenichthys
- Brosmodorsalis
- Brosmophyciops
- Brosmophycis
- Eusurculus
- Fiordichthys
- Lucifuga
- Melodichthys
- Tribe Dinematichthyini
- Subfamily Bythitinae
- Acarobythites
- Anacanthobythites
- Bellottia
- Bythites
- Calamopteryx
- Cataetyx
- Diplacanthopoma
- Ematops
- Grammonus
- Hastatobythites
- Hephthocara
- Microbrotula
- Parasaccogaster[12]
- Pseudogilbia
- Pseudonus
- Saccogaster
- Stygnobrotula
- Thalassobathia
- Thermichthys
- Timorichthys
- Tuamotuichthys
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nielsen, Jørgen G. (1998). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nielsen; Schwarzhans; and Hadiaty (2009). A blind, new species of Diancistrus (Teleostei, Bythitidae) from three caves on Muna Island, southeast of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Cybium 33(3): 241-245.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Cataetyx in FishBase. April 2017 version.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Grammonus in FishBase. April 2017 version.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Bythites in FishBase. April 2017 version.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Thermichthys hollisi in FishBase. April 2017 version.
- ↑ Romero, A., editor (2001). The Biology of Hypogean Fishes. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes. ISBN:978-1402000768
- ↑ "CAS - Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes - Genera/Species by Family/Subfamily". http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp.
- ↑ Schwarzhans, Werner; Møller, Peter Rask; Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2005). "Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei: Bythitidae) of the Indo-West Pacific. Part I. Diancistrus and Two New Genera with 26 New Species". The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 21: 73–163. http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=012814779649528;res=IELHSS.
- ↑ Schwarzhans & Møller (2007). "Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-West pacific. Part III. Beaglichthys, Brosmolus, Monothrix and 8 new genera with description of 20 new species.". The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 23: 29–110.
- ↑ Møller PR; Knudsen SW; Schwarzhans W; Nielsen JG (2016). "A new classification of viviparous brotulas (Bythitidae) - with family status for Dinematichthyidae - based on molecular, morphological and fossil data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 391–408. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.008. PMID 27060424. Abstract
- ↑ Nielsen J.G., Schwarzhans W., Cohen D.M. (2012). "Revision of Hastatobythites and Saccogaster (Teleostei, Bythitidae) with three new species and a new genus". Zootaxa 3579: 1–36. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3579.1.1.
Wikidata ☰ Q1335355 entry
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