Biology:Rhodiola
| Rhodiola | |
|---|---|
| |
| Rhodiola heterodonta | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Saxifragales |
| Family: | Crassulaceae |
| Subfamily: | Sempervivoideae |
| Tribe: | Umbiliceae |
| Genus: | Rhodiola L. |
| Species | |
|
c. 90 | |
Rhodiola is a genus of perennial plants in the family Crassulaceae[1] that resemble Sedum and other members of the family. Like sedums, Rhodiola species are often called stonecrops. Some authors merge Rhodiola into Sedum.[2][3]
Rhodiola species grow in high-altitude and other cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere.[4] Plants of the World Online gives the number of accepted species as 69,[5] the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website gives it as 90,[1] and the Flora of China gives it as about 90, with 55 in China and 16 endemic there.[4] Flora of North America lists only three species in the United States and Canada.[6]
Description
Among the distinguishing characters of the genus are two series of stamens totaling twice the number of petals; free or nearly free petals (not joined in a tube); a stout rhizome from whose axils the flowering stems rise; and a basal rosette of leaves. This genus contains the only species of Crassulaceae that have unisexual flowers.[4][7]
Phytochemistry
Rhodionin is a herbacetin rhamnoside found in Rhodiola species.[8]
- Rhodiolin [86831-53-0]
- Rhodiolgin [94696-39-6]
Taxonomy
Although Linnaeus distinguished Rhodiola from Sedum on the basis of being dioecious,[9] it was later submerged in the latter genus until the twentieth century, when it was restored, on the basis of well developed rhizomes and annual flowering stems, arising from axils of the scaly radical leaves. This separation was subsequently confirmed by molecular phylogenetic studies. [10]
Rhodiola is placed within family Crassulaceae, in subfamily Sempervivoideae, tribe Umbiliceae. There it is a sister group to Pseudosedum,[11] though some authors have suggested that the latter genus be submersed within Rhodiola.[10]
Subdivision
Traditionally Rhodiola was divided into subgenera, sections and series, based on plant characteristics. Four subgenera were recognised; Rhodiola, Primuloides, Crassipedes and Clementsia. However molecular studies have failed to demonstrate monophyly of these subtaxa.[10]
Species include:[12]
- Rhodiola integrifolia
- Rhodiola crenulata
- Rhodiola cretinii
- Rhodiola imbricata
- Rhodiola kirilowii
- Rhodiola rhodantha
- Rhodiola rosea
- Rhodiola tibetica
- Rhodiola quadrifida
- Rhodiola Serrata
Etymology
The name combines the Greek rhodon, meaning rose and referring to the rose-like smell of the roots, with the Latin diminutive suffix -iola.[13]
Ecology
Dioecy, having separate male and female flowers, has evolved at least three times in the genus, and reversals to a hermaphrodite condition have also occurred, which is a rare occurrence in flowering plants. It has been suggested that dioecy in the genus may correlate with abiotic pollination in the cold environment.[14]
Uses
Rhodiola is used to promote a variety of uses, specifically in physical health, with the plant being used historically in medicine throughout Europe.[15] A number of species are grown as ornamentals, but growing them is difficult outside their native subarctic and alpine climates.[16]
In TCM, Rhodiola is known as Hong Jing Tian (红景天) and is used for fatigue, hypoxia, radiation, etc.[17]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Stevens 2019.
- ↑ Ivey, Robert DeWitt (2003), Flowering Plants of New Mexico (Fourth ed.), RD & V Ivey, p. 246, ISBN 0-9612170-3-0
- ↑ "Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi", National Collection of Imperiled Plants, Center for Plant Conservation, 2008-01-29, http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=7501, retrieved 2009-07-26
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Fu, Kunjun; Ohba, Hideaki; Gilbert, Michael G., "Rhodiola Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1035. 1753", Flora of China, 8, p. 251, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=128370, retrieved 2009-07-26
- ↑ "Rhodiola L." (in English). Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30061153-2.
- ↑ Reid V. Moran (2009), "Rhodiola Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1035. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 457. 1754", Flora of North America Online, 8, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=128370
- ↑ Kunjun Fu; Hideaki Ohba; Michael G. Gilbert, "Crassulaceae Candolle", Flora of China, 8, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10225
- ↑ Li & Zhang 2008.
- ↑ Linnaeus 1753.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Mayuzumi & Ohba 2004.
- ↑ Thiede & Eggli 2007.
- ↑ "Rhodiola L.". https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30061153-2.
- ↑ Eggli & Newton 2004, p. 203.
- ↑ Zhang et al 2014.
- ↑ "Rhodiola" (in en). October 2020. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/rhodiola.
- ↑ Stephenson, Ray (1994), Sedum: Cultivated Stonecrops, Timber Press, pp. 289–290, ISBN 0-88192-238-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=Jo9VgQAsMtkC&pg=PA289, retrieved 2009-07-26
- ↑ Chinese Herb List: Rhodiola, http://www.shen-nong.com/eng/herbal/hongjingtian.html, retrieved 2023-12-17
Bibliography
- Eggli, Urs; Newton, Leonard E. (2004). "Rhodiola". Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 203. ISBN 978-3-540-00489-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=u2n5vusQ1DEC&pg=PA203.
- Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Rhodiola". Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. 2. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1035. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/477/mode/1up., see also Species Plantarum
- Thiede, J; Eggli, U (2007). "Crassulaceae". in Kubitzki, Klaus. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae. pp. 83–119. ISBN 978-3540322146. https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC&pg=PA83. (full text at ResearchGate)
- Li, Tao; Zhang, Hao (2008). "Identification and Comparative Determination of Rhodionin in Traditional Tibetan Medicinal Plants of Fourteen Rhodiola Species by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detection and Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 56 (6): 807–814. doi:10.1248/cpb.56.807. PMID 18520085.
- Mayuzumi, Shinzo; Ohba, Hideaki (2004). "The Phylogenetic Position of Eastern Asian Sedoideae (Crassulaceae) Inferred from Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Sequences". Systematic Botany 29 (3): 587–598. doi:10.1600/0363644041744329. ISSN 0363-6445.
- Zhang, Jian-Qiang; Meng, Shi-Yong; Wen, Jun; Rao, Guang-Yuan (1 June 2014). "Phylogenetic Relationships and Character Evolution of Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) based on Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Plastid trnL-F and psbA-trnH Sequences". Systematic Botany 39 (2): 441–451. doi:10.1600/036364414X680753.
- Stevens, P.F. (2019). "Crassulaceae". Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/orders/Saxifragalesweb.htm#Crassulaceae. (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website)
Wikidata ☰ Q133592 entry
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