Biology:Phaseolus coccineus

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Short description: Species of flowering plant

Phaseolus coccineus
Illustration Phaseolus coccineus0.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Phaseolus
Species:
P. coccineus
Binomial name
Phaseolus coccineus
Synonyms[1]

Phaseolus coccineus, known as runner bean,[2] scarlet runner bean,[2] or multiflora bean,[2] is a plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. Another common name is butter bean,[3][4][5] which, however, can also refer to the lima bean, a different species.

It is grown both as a food plant and an ornamental plant.

Description

Beans of 'Scarlet Runner' cultivar. A similar cultivar, the Japanese runner, looks the same but is almost twice as large.[6]

This species originated in the mountains of Central America. It was most likely cultivated in the highlands of Mexico and Guatemala around 2000 BC.[7] Most varieties have red flowers and multicolored seeds (though some have white flowers and white seeds) and are often grown as ornamental plants. The vine can grow to 3 metres (9.8 ft) or more in length,[8] its pods can get to 25 centimetres (9.8 in), and its beans can be up to 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) or more.[9]

It differs from the common bean (P. vulgaris) in several respects: the cotyledons stay in the ground during germination, and the plant is a perennial vine with tuberous roots (though it is frequently treated as an annual in colder climates).

The knife-shaped pods are normally green; however, there are very rare varieties bred by amateurs that have very unusual purple pods. An example of such a purple-podded runner bean is 'Aeron Purple Star'.[10]

Runner beans have also been called "Oregon lima bean",[11] and in Nahuatl ayocotl or in Spanish ayocote. Runner beans, like all beans, contain the toxic protein phytohaemagglutinin and thus should be cooked well before eating.[12]

Usage

Runner beans were grown as food plants in North America and Europe from the 1600s, and also as ornamentals for their attractive flowers. However, they came to be used primarily as a garden ornamental plant in North America, including for temporary screening. The flowers attract hummingbirds, bees and other insects. In the UK and other European countries – where the vegetable is a popular choice for kitchen gardens and allotments – the flowers came to be ignored, or treated as an attractive bonus to cultivating the plant for the beans.[13][14]

The seeds of the plant can be used fresh or as dried beans. The pods are eaten whole while young and not yet fibrous, though they tend to have a rougher surface than the common bean. The starchy roots of this perennial are eaten in Mesoamerica.[13]

The beans are used in many cuisines. It is a popular side vegetable in British cuisine. A variety named 'Judión de la Granja' producing large, white, edible beans is cultivated in San Ildefonso, Spain.[15] It is the basis of a Segovian regional dish also named Judiones de la Granja, in which the beans are mixed with pig's ears, pig's trotters, and chorizo, amongst other ingredients.[16]

In Greece, cultivars of the runner bean with white blossom and white beans are known as fasolia gigantes (φασόλια γίγαντες). They are grown under protective law in the north of Greece within the regions of Kato Nevrokopi, Florina and Kastoria.[17] The beans have an important role in Greek cuisine, appearing in many dishes (such as Gigantes plaki). In English, they are sometimes colloquially referred to as elephant beans.[18][19] In Austria the coloured versions are cultivated and served as "Käferbohnen" ("beetle-bean"), a dish made of the dry beans with pumpkin seed oil. It is considered a typical dish of regional Austrian cuisine, but dried runner beans are also consumed to a small extent in Germany. In Turkey, runner beans are the main ingredient in bean Pilaki and Piyaz.

Greece and northern Africa are the sources of pods of the runner beans sold as "green beans" in European markets during the cold period. The pods can be identified by their big size and the rougher surface.

Cultivars include:[20]

  • 'Aeron Purple Star' (not available commercially)[10]
  • 'Black Runner'
  • 'Butler'
  • 'Case Knife'
  • 'Fasolia gigantes', a white bean which originated in Greece.
  • 'Hammond's Dwarf'
  • 'Japanese Runner', sold in Canada and USA under the names of "Akahana"[21] or "Shinshu runner"[22]
  • 'Painted Lady'
  • 'Pickwick Dwarf'
  • 'Polestar'
  • 'Scarlet Runner'
  • 'White Dutch Runner'

P. coccineus subsp. darwinianus is a cultivated subspecies, commonly referred to as the botil bean in Mexico.

The related species considered most useful for interbreeding with P. coccineus to increase its genetic diversity are P. dumosus and P. vulgaris.[23]

  • Runner (stick) beans for sale on a UK market stall

  • Seeds of 'Scarlet Emperor'

  • Spanish variety Judión de la Granja

  • Austrian "Käferbohnen salad" that contains pumpkin seed oil and sliced onions

  • Flat beans are often eaten in India. normally cooked and served as the whole pods that have a characteristic wide and flat shape.

  • Giant beans, a Mediterranean side dish: cooked runner beans in tomato sauce.

References

  1. ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=phaseolus+coccineus. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Phaseolus coccineus | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 16 December 2017 }}
  3. ↑ M. Brink, ed (2006). Cereals and Pulses. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 1. PROTA. p. 139. ISBN 90-5782-170-2. 
  4. ↑ "Phaseolus coccineus L.". Strand Memorial Herbarium. University of Minnesota. 2016. https://webapps2.cfans.umn.edu/herbarium/Detail.aspx?SpCode=452. 
  5. ↑ "Phaseolus coccineus (runner bean)". Invasive Species Compendium. CABI. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40618. 
  6. ↑ No Coast Seeds. "Bean - Shinshu Runner". https://nocoastseeds.ca/products/bean-shinshu-runner.  The website shows a side-by-side picture of the Scarlet runner and the Japanese runner.
  7. ↑ Pearman, Georgina (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark. eds. The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 0415927463. 
  8. ↑ Scarlet Runner Beans – GROWS 10' TALL!! Ancient Beans for Cool Weather. YouTube. 18 August 2012.
  9. ↑ "Phaseolus coccineus - Runner Beans". https://www.gardenia.net/plant/phaseolus-coccineus. Retrieved 2023-11-18. www.gardenia.net
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Aeron Purple Star Runner Bean Seeds". http://www.aeronvale-allotments.org.uk/aeronpurplestar. 
  11. ↑ "The Beekeeping Resource Leader – Bee Culture Magazine". Bee Culture. http://www.beeculture.com/content/pollination_handbook/scarlet.html. 
  12. ↑ "Beans! Beans! The Poisonous Fruit! - Dave's Garden". https://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2385/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Mahr, Susan. "Scarlet Runner Bean, Phaseolus coccineus". University of Wisconsin - Madison. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/scarlet-runner-bean-phaseolus-coccineus/. 
  14. ↑ Dove, Helena; McHale, Ellen. "Bountiful beans". https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/runner-beans-kitchen-garden. 
  15. ↑ "Judiones". Judiones de la Granja. 7 September 2008. http://eng.judionesdelagranja.com/2008/09/07/judiones/. 
  16. ↑ "Judiones de La Granja recipe". Judiones de la Granja. 22 June 2008. http://eng.judionesdelagranja.com/2008/06/22/judiones-de-la-granja-recipe/. 
  17. ↑ "DOOR". europa.eu. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/list.html?recordStart=0&recordPerPage=10&recordEnd=10&sort.milestone=desc&filter.dossierNumber=&filter.comboName=gigantes&filterMin.milestone__mask=&filterMin.milestone=&filterMax.milestone__mask=&filterMax.milestone=&filter.country=&filter.category=&filter.type=&filter.status=REGISTERED. 
  18. ↑ "Greek Elephant Beans". Men's Health. 2016-03-31. http://www.menshealth.com/recipes/greek-elephant-beans. 
  19. ↑ "Baked elephant beans | Toronto Star". The Toronto Star. 3 March 2010. https://www.thestar.com/life/food_wine/recipes/2010/03/03/baked_elephant_beans.html. 
  20. ↑ Phaseolus coccineus. FloriData.
  21. ↑ Vegetable Varieties for Gardeners. "'Akahana Fujimame' Beans". Cornell Garden Based Learning, Cornell University College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Horticulture Section. http://vegvariety.cce.cornell.edu/main/detail.php?variety_id=4618&filterBy=0.  "Japanese hyacinth pole bean. Vines bear red flowers and flat, thick and curved pods".
  22. ↑ No Coast Seeds. "Bean - Shinshu Runner". https://nocoastseeds.ca/products/bean-shinshu-runner. 
  23. ↑ "The Harlan and de Wet Crop Wild Relative Inventory – chapter: Phaseolus coccineus". Global Crop Diversity Trust, the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, and the Government of Norway. http://www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/genepool-details.php?id%5b%5d=35. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q159753 entry



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