Biology:Meiotic drive
Meiotic drive is a type of intragenomic conflict, whereby one or more loci within a genome will affect a manipulation of the meiotic process in such a way as to favor the transmission of one or more alleles over another, regardless of its phenotypic expression. More simply, meiotic drive is when one copy of a gene is passed on to offspring more than the expected 50% of the time. According to Buckler et al., "Meiotic drive is the subversion of meiosis so that particular genes are preferentially transmitted to the progeny. Meiotic drive generally causes the preferential segregation of small regions of the genome".[1]
Meiotic drive in plants
The first report of meiotic drive came from Marcus Rhoades who in 1942 observed a violation of Mendelian segregation ratios for the R locus - a gene controlling the production of the purple pigment anthocyanin in maize kernels - in a maize line carrying abnormal chromosome 10 (Ab10).[2] Ab10 differs from the normal chromosome 10 by the presence of a 150-base pair heterochromatic region called 'knob', which functions as a centromere during division (hence called 'neocentromere') and moves to the spindle poles faster than the centromeres during meiosis I and II.[3] The mechanism for this was later found to involve the activity of a kinesin-14 gene called Kinesin driver (Kindr). Kindr protein is a functional minus-end directed motor, displaying quicker minus-end directed motility than an endogenous kinesin-14, such as Kin11. As a result Kindr outperforms the endogenous kinesins, pulling the 150 bp knobs to the poles faster than the centromeres and causing Ab10 to be preferentially inherited during meiosis [4]
Meiotic drive in animals
The unequal inheritance of gametes has been observed since the 1950s,[5] in contrast to Gregor Mendel's First and Second Laws (the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment), which dictate that there is a random chance of each allele being passed on to offspring. Examples of selfish drive genes in animals have primarily been found in rodents and flies. These drive systems could play important roles in the process of speciation. For instance, the proposal that hybrid sterility (Haldane's rule) may arise from the divergent evolution of sex chromosome drivers and their suppressors.[6]
Meiotic drive in mice
Early observations of mouse t-haplotypes by Mary Lyon described numerous genetic loci on chromosome 17 that suppress X-chromosome sex ratio distortion.[7][8] If a driver is left unchecked, this may lead to population extinction as the population would fix for the driver (e.g. a selfish X chromosome), removing the Y chromosome (and therefore males) from the population. The idea that meiotic drivers and their suppressors may govern speciation is supported by observations that mouse Y chromosomes lacking certain genetic loci produce female-biased offspring, implying these loci encode suppressors of drive.[9] Moreover, matings of certain mouse strains used in research results in unequal offspring ratios. One gene responsible for sex ratio distortion in mice is r2d2 (r2d2 – responder to meiotic drive 2), which predicts which strains of mice can successfully breed without offspring sex ratio distortion.[10]
Meiotic drive in flies
Selfish chromosomes of stalk-eyed flies have had ecological consequences. Driving X chromosomes lead to reductions in male fecundity and mating success, leading to frequency dependent selection maintaining both the driving alleles and wild-type alleles.[11]
Multiple species of fruit fly are known to have driving X chromosomes, of which the best-characterized are found in Drosophila simulans. Three independent driving X chromosomes are known in D. simulans, called Paris, Durham, and Winters. In Paris, the driving gene encodes a DNA modelling protein ("heterochromatin protein 1 D2" or HP1D2), where the allele of the driving copy fails to prepare the male Y chromosome for meiosis.[12] In Winters, the gene responsible ("Distorter on the X" or Dox) has been identified, though the mechanism by which it acts is still unknown.[13] The strong selective pressure imposed by these driving X chromosomes has given rise to suppressors of drive, of which the genes are somewhat known for Winters, Durham, and Paris. These suppressors encode hairpin RNAs which match the sequence of driver genes (such as Dox), leading host RNA interference pathways to degrade Dox sequence.[14] Autosomal suppressors of drive are known in Drosophila mediopunctata,[15] Drosophila paramelanica,[16] Drosophila quinaria,[17] and Drosophila testacea,[18] emphasizing the importance of these drive systems in natural populations.
See also
References
- ↑ "Meiotic drive of chromosomal knobs reshaped the maize genome". Genetics 153 (1): 415–26. September 1999. doi:10.1093/genetics/153.1.415. PMID 10471723.
- ↑ "Preferential Segregation in Maize". Genetics 27 (4): 395–407. July 1942. doi:10.1093/genetics/27.4.395. PMID 17247049.
- ↑ Rhoades, M.M.; Vilkomerson (1942). "On the anaphase movement of chromosomes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 28 (10): 433–436. doi:10.1073/pnas.28.10.433. PMID 16588574. Bibcode: 1942PNAS...28..433R.
- ↑ "A Kinesin-14 Motor Activates Neocentromeres to Promote Meiotic Drive in Maize". Cell 173 (4): 839–850.e18. May 2018. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.009. PMID 29628142.
- ↑ "Meiotic Drive as an Evolutionary Force". The American Naturalist 91 (857): 105–110. 1957. doi:10.1086/281969.
- ↑ "Sex chromosome drive". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7 (2): a017616. December 2014. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a017616. PMID 25524548.
- ↑ Lyon, Mary F. (1984). "Transmission ratio distortion in mouse t-haplotypes is due to multiple distorter genes acting on a responder locus". Cell 37 (2): 621–628. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90393-3. PMID 6722884.
- ↑ Lyon, Mary F. (1986). "Male sterility of the mouse t-complex is due to homozygosity of the distorter genes". Cell 44 (2): 357–363. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90770-1. PMID 3943128.
- ↑ "The multicopy gene Sly represses the sex chromosomes in the male mouse germline after meiosis". PLOS Biology 7 (11): e1000244. November 2009. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000244. PMID 19918361.
- ↑ "A multi-megabase copy number gain causes maternal transmission ratio distortion on mouse chromosome 2". PLOS Genetics 11 (2): e1004850. February 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004850. PMID 25679959.
- ↑ "Fitness effects of X chromosome drive in the stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19 (6): 1851–60. November 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01169.x. PMID 17040382. http://www.life.umd.edu/faculty/wilkinson/Wilkinsonetal06.pdf.
- ↑ "Rapid evolution of a Y-chromosome heterochromatin protein underlies sex chromosome meiotic drive". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (15): 4110–5. April 2016. doi:10.1073/pnas.1519332113. PMID 26979956. Bibcode: 2016PNAS..113.4110H.
- ↑ "X-chromosome meiotic drive in Drosophila simulans: a QTL approach reveals the complex polygenic determinism of Paris drive suppression". Heredity 122 (6): 906–915. December 2018. doi:10.1038/s41437-018-0163-1. PMID 30518968.
- ↑ "The hpRNA/RNAi Pathway Is Essential to Resolve Intragenomic Conflict in the Drosophila Male Germline". Developmental Cell 46 (3): 316–326.e5. August 2018. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.004. PMID 30086302.
- ↑ "Autosomal suppressors of sex-ratio in Drosophila mediopunctata". Heredity 71 ( Pt 5) (5): 546–51. November 1993. doi:10.1038/hdy.1993.174. PMID 8276637.
- ↑ "The Genetic Systems Modifying Meiotic Drive in Drosophila Paramelanica". Genetics 46 (2): 177–202. February 1961. doi:10.1093/genetics/46.2.177. PMID 17248041.
- ↑ "Suppression of Sex-Ratio Meiotic Drive and the Maintenance of Y-Chromosome Polymorphism in Drosophila". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 53 (1): 164–174. February 1999. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05342.x. PMID 28565182.
- ↑ "X chromosome drive in a widespread Palearctic woodland fly, Drosophila testacea". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 30 (6): 1185–1194. June 2017. doi:10.1111/jeb.13089. PMID 28402000.
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