Biology:Ibis

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Short description: Long-legged wading birds with down-curved beaks

Ibis
Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus).jpg
Black-headed ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus)
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Threskiornithidae
Subfamily: Threskiornithinae
Poche, 1904
Genera

The ibis (/ˈaɪbɪs/) (collective plural ibises;[1] classical plurals ibides[2][3] and ibes[3]) are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae that inhabit wetlands, forests and plains.[4] "Ibis" derives from the Latin and Ancient Greek word for this group of birds. It also occurs in the scientific name of the western cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) mistakenly identified in 1757 as being the sacred ibis.[5]

Description

Ibises all have long, downcurved bills, and usually feed as a group, probing mud for food items, usually crustaceans. They are monogamous and highly territorial while nesting and feeding.[4] Most nest in trees, often with spoonbills or herons. All extant species are capable of flight, but two extinct genera were flightless, namely the kiwi-like Apteribis in the Hawaiian Islands, and the peculiar Xenicibis in Jamaica.[4] The word ibis comes from Latin ibis[6] from Greek ἶβις ibis from Egyptian hb, hīb.[7]

Species in taxonomic order

There are 29 extant species and 4 extinct species of ibis.

Image Genus Living species
Threskiornis molucca - Perth.jpg Threskiornis G.R. Gray, 1842
Indian Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN2445 (26).jpg Pseudibis Hodgson, 1844
Hermit Ibis in Vienna Zoo on 2013-05-14.png Geronticus Wagler, 1832
Nipponia nippon.jpg Nipponia Reichenbach, 1850
Hadeda Ibis Portrait, crop.jpg Bostrychia G.R. Gray, 1847
Wildlife in and around Reserva Laguna Nimez in El Calafate, Argentina - there is some uncertainty here amongst some authorities- is this the Black Faced Ibis (Theristicus melanops) - OR - the (24560030193).jpg Theristicus Wagler, 1832
Cercibis oxycerca Tarotaro Sharp-tailed Ibis (6288776691).jpg Cercibis Wagler, 1832
Green Ibis (Mesembrinibis cayennensis) (30903118634).jpg Mesembrinibis J.L. Peters, 1930
Bare-faced Ibis (Phimosus infuscatus) (28370845522).jpg Phimosus Wagler, 1832
American White IbisII.jpg Eudocimus Wagler, 1832
Plegadis chihi -California, USA-8.jpg Plegadis Kaup, 1829
Lophotibis cristata -Bronx Zoo-8.jpg Lophotibis L. Reichenbach, 1853
Apteribis sp. (5212794163).jpg † Apteribis Olson & Wetmore, 1976
  • †A. glenos Olson & Wetmore, 1976 Molokai flightless ibis
  • †A. brevis Olson & James, 1991 Maui flightless ibis

An extinct species, the Jamaican ibis or clubbed-wing ibis (Xenicibis xympithecus) was uniquely characterized by its club-like wings.

In culture

The African sacred ibis was an object of religious veneration in ancient Egypt,[11] particularly associated with the deity Djehuty or otherwise commonly referred to in Greek as Thoth. He is responsible for writing, mathematics, measurement, and time as well as the moon and magic.[12] In artworks of the Late Period of Ancient Egypt, Thoth is popularly depicted as an ibis-headed man in the act of writing.[12] However, Mitogenomic diversity in sacred ibis mummies indicates that ancient Egyptians captured the birds from the wild rather than farming them.[13]

At the town of Hermopolis, ibises were reared specifically for sacrificial purposes, and in the Ibis Galleries at Saqqara, archaeologists found the mummies of one and a half million ibises.[14]

According to local legend in the Birecik area, the northern bald ibis was one of the first birds that Noah released from the Ark as a symbol of fertility,[15] and a lingering religious sentiment in Turkey helped the colonies there to survive long after the demise of the species in Europe.[16][17]

The mascot of the University of Miami is an American white ibis named Sebastian. The ibis was selected as the school mascot because of its legendary bravery during hurricanes. According to legend, the ibis is the last of wildlife to take shelter before a hurricane hits and the first to reappear once the storm has passed.[18]

Harvard University's humor magazine, Harvard Lampoon, uses the ibis as its symbol. A copper statue of an ibis is prominently displayed on the roof of the Harvard Lampoon Building at 44 Bow Street.

The short story "The Scarlet Ibis" by James Hurst uses the red bird as foreshadowing for a character's death and as the primary symbol.

The African sacred ibis is the unit symbol of the Israeli Special Forces unit known as Unit 212 or Maglan (Hebrew מגלן).

According to Josephus, Moses used the ibis to help him defeat the Ethiopians.[19]

The Australian white ibis has become a focus of art, pop culture, and memes since rapidly adapting to city life in recent decades, and has earned the popular nicknames "bin chicken" and "tip turkey".[20] In December 2017, the ibis placed second in Guardian Australia's inaugural Bird of the Year poll, after leading for much of the voting period.[21][22]

In April 2022, Queensland sports minister Stirling Hinchliffe suggested the ibis as a potential mascot for the 2032 Olympic Games, which are scheduled to be held in Brisbane.[23] Hinchcliffe's suggestion prompted much discussion in the media.[24][25][26]

Gallery

Notes

  1. ↑ There is still disagreement on how the taxonomic rules should apply to the Australian white ibis – both molluca and mollucus are currently used for the species.[8][9][10]

References

  1. ↑ "ibis". Dictionary.com Unabridged. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ibis. 
  2. ↑ Fennell, C. A. M., ed (1892). The Stanford dictionary of Anglicised words and phrases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 453. OCLC 1354115. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8vRaAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 6 October 2009. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Pierce, Robert Morris (1910). Dictionary of Hard Words. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 270. OCLC 4177508. https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhardw00piergoog. Retrieved 6 October 2009. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Longrich, N. R.; Olson, S. L. (5 January 2011). "The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278 (1716): 2333–2337. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2117. PMID 21208965. 
  5. ↑ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling. 
  6. ↑ "ibis". Chambers Dictionary.
  7. ↑ Beekes, R. S. P. (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, p. 575. ISBN:9004174184.
  8. ↑ David, Normand; Gosselin, Michel (2011). "Gender agreement of avian species-group names under Article 31.2. 2 of the ICZN Code". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 131 (2): 102–115. http://www.digimages.info/listeoiseauxmonde/D&G_BOC_131_2.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2017. 
  9. ↑ Schodde, Richard; Bock, Walter (2016). "Conflict resolution of grammar and gender for avian species-group names under Article 31.2. 2 of the ICZN Code: is gender agreement worth it?". Zootaxa 4127 (1): 161–170. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4127.1.9. PMID 27395618. 
  10. ↑ Dickinson, Edward C.; David, Normand; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A. (2017). "Some comments on Schodde & Bock (2016) on gender agreement.". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 137 (2): 142–144. doi:10.25226/bboc.v137i2.2017.a2. http://boc-online.org/bulletins/downloads/BBOC1372-Dickinson.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2017. 
  11. ↑ Ceram, C. W. (1967). Gods, Graves, and Scholars: The Story of Archaeology (2nd ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 207. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Birmingham Museum of Art (2010). Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection. Birmingham Museum of Art. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-904832-77-5. http://www.artsbma.org/pieces/ibis/. 
  13. ↑ Wasef, Sally; Subramanian, Sankar; O’Rorke, Richard; Huynen, Leon; El-Marghani, Samia; Curtis, Caitlin; Popinga, Alex; Holland, Barbara et al. (2019). "Mitogenomic diversity in Sacred Ibis Mummies sheds light on early Egyptian practices". PLOS ONE 14 (11): e0223964. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223964. PMID 31721774. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1423964W. 
  14. ↑ Fleming, Furgus; Alan Lothian (1997) The Way to Eternity: Egyptian Myth. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books. pp. 66–67
  15. ↑ Shuker, Karl (2003). The Beasts That Hide from Man: Seeking the World's Last Undiscovered Animals. Cosimo. pp. 166–168. ISBN 1-931044-64-3.  "Dreams of a feathered Geronticus"
  16. ↑ Beintema, Nienke. "Saving a charismatic bird". AEWA Secretariat. http://www.unep-aewa.org/publications/saving_charismatic_bird.pdf. 
  17. ↑ "Ancient Egyptians gathered birds from the wild for sacrifice and mummification: DNA study rejects the idea that Egyptians domesticated sacred ibis for ritual use" (in en). https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191113153104.htm. 
  18. ↑ Sebastian the Ibis. Hurricane sports
  19. ↑ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 2.10.
  20. ↑ Denby, Matthew (2020-10-31). "Secrets of the Ibis: The surprising real reason 'bin chickens' took Sydney by storm" (in en-AU). Sydney Sentinel (Sydney). https://sydneysentinel.com.au/2020/10/secrets-of-the-ibis-the-surprising-real-reason-bin-chickens-took-sydney-by-storm/. 
  21. ↑ Langford, Sam (21 November 2017). "Bin Chickens Are Leading In Australia's Bird Of The Year Vote, And It's Time To Have Your Say". Junkee. https://junkee.com/bird-of-the-year-bin-chicken-guardian/136047. 
  22. ↑ Wahlquist, Calla (10 December 2017). "Magpie edges out white ibis and kookaburra as Australian bird of the year" (in en). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/dec/11/magpie-edges-out-white-ibis-and-kookaburra-as-australian-bird-of-the-year. 
  23. ↑ McKay, Jack (4 April 2022). "Stirling Hinchliffe suggests ibis should be a contender for 2032 Games mascot". The Courier-Mail. https://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/seq-olympics-2032/stirling-hinchliffe-suggests-ibis-should-be-contender-for-2032-games-mascot/news-story/baf7b6c763680449da753c82c666a765. 
  24. ↑ Goodall, Hamish (4 April 2022). "Could the ibis - Australia's own 'bin chicken' - become the mascot for Brisbane 2032 Olympics? Queensland's sports minister believes so". Sunrise. https://7news.com.au/sunrise/on-the-show/queensland-sports-minister-suggests-ibis-could-be-mascot-for-brisbane-2032-olympics-c-6315200. 
  25. ↑ Fordham, Ben (4 April 2022). "Bird expert backs ibis as the official mascot for Brisbane Olympics". 2GB. https://www.2gb.com/bird-expert-backs-ibis-as-official-mascot-for-brisbane-olympics. 
  26. ↑ Horton, Shelly (4 April 2022). "'Come on - we can do better than the bin chicken for our Olympics mascot'". 9Honey. https://honey.nine.com.au/latest/ibis-bin-chicken-2032-brisbane-olympics-mascot-opinion/dcb543cd-6d14-4126-a5c0-09ae588bb596. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q193833 entry



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