Biology:Leptocybe invasa
| Leptocybe invasa | |
|---|---|
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| Female Leptocybe invasa inserting ovipositor into the petiole of Eucalyptus tree | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Genus: | Leptocybe |
| Species: | L. invasa
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| Binomial name | |
| Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle, 2004
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Leptocybe invasa, the blue gum chalcid wasp or eucalyptus gall wasp, is a chalcid wasp which is the only species in the monotypic genus Leptocybe in the subfamily Tetrastichinae, of the family Eulophidae. It is a gall wasp which causes the formation of galls on a number of species of Eucalyptus, it was described in 2004 after galls were found in river red gums (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) in the Mediterranean and Middle East and has since been found to be a widespread species where its host trees are planted. It is indigenous to Australia.
Description
This tiny wasp is just over one millimeter in length. Its body is brown with a slight blue to green iridescence. Parts of the legs are yellowish in color.[1]
Distribution
Leptocybe invasa is native to Queensland, Australia where its exact distribution has yet to be determined. It has now been found as an invasive species in eucalypts in northern, eastern and southern Africa, Asia, the Pacific Region, Europe as far north as the United Kingdom, southern Asia, southern South America, the Middle East, Mexico and the United States. It appears to be spreading.[2][3][4]
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Discovery
L. invasa was discovered in 2000 when river red gums in the Middle East and Mediterranean began developing disfiguring galls. The damage became severe enough to cause crop losses in tree plantations. Galls were collected and a previously undescribed species of chalcid wasp emerged. In 2004 it was described to science as Leptocybe invasa.[1]
Biology
The adult female injects a neat line of minute eggs in the epidermis of new leaf buds on eucalyptus trees. The leaf tissue may exude a whitish sap, which covers the oviposition site. Heavy wasp infestations can kill new buds on the trees. If the bud survives it develops a layer of corky tissue within one to two weeks of oviposition. This corky scar widens and becomes glossy in texture. It turns from green to pinkish to dark pink or red in color. It loses its glossy texture and turns dull brown or reddish. The chalcid wasp larva develops inside the gall and when it emerges as an adult insect the gall is spherical and up to 2.7 millimeters wide. During an infestation there are usually 3 to 6 galls per leaf, but up to 65 have been observed on a single leaf.[1] The adult wasps emerge from the galls after growing inside for 3–4 months. In temperate areas there may be 2-3 generations of adults in a year but in the tropics there can be as many as 6 generations.[5] The females can reproduce asexually by thelytokous reproduction and live for up to 7 days,[6] males are rare and the asexual reproduction allows L. invasa to rapidly increase its population size.[7]
Several eucalyptus species are susceptible to the wasp. Host species include bangalay (Eucalyptus botryoides), apple box (E. bridgesiana), Tasmanian blue gum (E. globulus), cider gum (E. gunnii), flooded gum (E. grandis), swamp mahogany (E. robusta), Sydney blue gum (E. saligna), forest red gum (E. tereticornis), and manna gum (E. viminalis).[1]
Control
Possible biological agents for L. invasa have been actively searched for and numerous hymenopteran parasitoids of L. invasa were identified; in one study in China these were Quadrastichus mendeli, Aprostocetus causalis and Megastigmus viggianii,[8] and in another study in Israel these were Megastigmus zvimendeli, Megastigmus lawsoni, Selitrichodes kryceri and Quadrastichus mendeli.[9]
Quadrastichus mendeli has a short developmental time[10] and has proven to be an especially effective control agent in the Mediterranean Basin.[9] Selitrichodes neseri is another eulophid ectoparasitoid which is species specific to L. invasa and was discovered in its native Australian range in 2014 and show potential as a biological control agent on L. invasa.[11]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Mendel, Zvi; Protasov, Alexey; Fisher, Nicole; La Salle, John (2004). "Taxonomy and biology of Leptocybe invasa gen. & sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an invasive gall inducer on Eucalyptus". Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (2): 101–113. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2003.00393.x. ISSN 1326-6756.
- ↑ Leptocybe invasa. FAO Forest Pest Species Profiles. August 2012.
- ↑ Blue Gum Chalcid. Pest Fact Sheet. Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network.
- ↑ Juan Manuel Vanegas-Rico; José Refugio Lomeli-Flores; Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva et al. (2015). "First record of eucalyptus gall wasp Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Mexico (Primer registro de la avispa agalladora del eucalipto Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) en México)". Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 86 (4): 1095–1098. doi:10.1016/j.rmb.2015.09.012.
- ↑ Carolina Jorge; Gonzalo Martínez; Demian Gómez; Martín Bollazzi (2016). "First record of the eucalypt gall-wasp Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Uruguay (Primer reporte de la avispa agalladora del eucalipto Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) para Uruguay". Bosque (Valdivia) 37 (3). http://mingaonline.uach.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-92002016000300020&script=sci_arttext.
- ↑ "Leptocybe invasa, the Blue Gum Chalcid wasp". ICFR. http://www.forestry.co.za/uploads/File/home/notices/2011/ICFR%20IS01-2011gallwasp.pdf. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ↑ XL Zheng; ZY Huang; ZD Yang et al. (2017). "Reproductive Biology of Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)". Neotropical Entomology 47 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1007/s13744-017-0502-6. PMID 28293863.
- ↑ Zheng, Xia-Lin; Huang, Zong-You; Dong, Dan; Guo, Chun-Hui; Li, Jun; Yang, Zhen-De; Yang, Xiu-Hao; Lu, Wen (2016). "Parasitoids of the eucalyptus gall wasp Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in China". Parasite 23: 58. doi:10.1051/parasite/2016071. ISSN 1776-1042. PMID 28000590.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Zvi Mendel, Alex Protasov, John La Salle, Daniel Blumberg, David Brand, Manuela Branco (2017) Classical biological control of two Eucalyptus gall wasps; main outcome and conclusions. Biological Control 105: 66-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.11.010
- ↑ Sangtongpraow, Benjakhun; Charernsom, Kosol (2019). "Biological traits of Quadrastichus mendeli (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), parasitoid of the eucalyptus gall wasp Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) in Thailand". Parasite 26: 8. doi:10.1051/parasite/2019008. ISSN 1776-1042. PMID 30794147.
- ↑ Gudrun Dittrich-Schröder; Marlene Harney; Stefan Neser et al. (2014). "Biology and host preference of Selitrichodes neseri: A potential biological control agent of the Eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa". Biological Control 78: 33–41. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.07.004. http://www.fabinet.up.ac.za/publication/pdfs/1907-2014_dittrich-schroder_et_al_biological_control.pdf.
Wikidata ☰ Q13393715 entry
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