Biology:Canellales
| Canellales | |
|---|---|
| |
| Canella winteriana | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Canellales Cronquist[3] |
| Families | |
Canellales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants, one of the four orders of the magnoliids. It is recognized by the most recent classification of flowering plants, the APG IV system.[4] It is defined to contain two families: Canellaceae and Winteraceae, which comprise 136 species of fragrant trees and shrubs. The Canellaceae are found in tropical America and Africa, and the Winteraceae are part of the Antarctic flora (found in diverse parts of the southern hemisphere). Although the order was defined based on phylogenetic studies, a number of possible synapomorphies have been suggested, relating to the pollen tube, the seeds, the thickness of the integument, and other aspects of the morphology.[5]
Until 1999, these two families were not considered to be closely related. Instead the Winteraceae were considered to be a primitive family (due to the structure of the xylem and carpel, a structure which now seems to be derived from xylem and carpels more typical of the angiosperms as a whole). The Canellaceae was often considered to be related to the Myristicaceae. However, studies starting in 1999, based on molecular phylogeny or morphology, have supported uniting these two families.[5]
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References
- ↑ "Canellales". http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/canellalesweb.htm.
- ↑ WALKER, J. W.; BRENNER, G. J.; WALKER, A. G. (1983-06-17). "Winteraceous Pollen in the Lower Cretaceous of Israel: Early Evidence of a Magnolialean Angiosperm Family". Science 220 (4603): 1273–1275. doi:10.1126/science.220.4603.1273. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17769368. Bibcode: 1983Sci...220.1273W. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4603.1273.
- ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
- ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. ISSN 0024-4074.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid
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Wikidata ☰ Q21023 entry
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