Biology:Aggression in cattle

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Aggression in cattle is usually a result of fear, learning, and hormonal state, however, many other factors can contribute to aggressive behaviors in cattle. Despite the fact that Bulls (uncastrated male cattle) are generally significantly more aggressive than cows, there are far more reported cases of cows attacking humans than bulls, and the majority of farm-related injuries and fatalities by cattle is caused by cows. This is most likely due to the fact that there are far more female cattle on a farm than bulls, so statistically the likelihood of injury or death from cattle is more likely to be caused by cows.[1] However, this is also exacerbated by the fact that many people are unaware of the potential for aggression in cows, especially during, and immediately after, calving (giving birth) and when cows feel threatened or are seeking to protect their young.

Temperament traits

Temperament traits are known to be traits in which explain the behavior and actions of an animal[2][3] and can be described in the traits responsible for how easily an animal can be approached, handled, milked, or trained. Temperament can also be defined as how an animal carries out maternal or other behaviors while subjected to routine management.[4] These traits have the ability to change as the animal ages or as the environment in which the animal lives changes over time, however, it is proven that regardless of age and environmental conditions, some individuals remain more aggressive than others.[5] Aggression in cattle can arise from both genetic and environmental factors.[4]

Aggression between cows is worse than that between bulls. Bulls with horns will bunt (push or strike with the horns) in which can cause more damage overall. In humans, most aggressive behaviors of cows include kicking, crushing and/or blunting.[6]

Types of aggression

There are many types of aggression that are seen in animals, particularly cattle, including maternal, feed, comfort influencing, pain induced, and stress induced aggressiveness.

Maternal aggression

There are many components to maternal behavior that are seen in cattle, including behavior that allows proper bonding between mother and baby, nursing behavior, attentiveness and how mother responds to offspring.[7] This maternal behavior is often seen in cattle during lactation as a prey species, this triggers the maternal instinct to protect their young from any threat and may use violent aggressive behaviors as a defense mechanism.[8][9][10] During lactation in prey species, including cattle, a reduction in fear responsiveness of the dam to novel and potentially dangerous situations facilitates the expression of defensive aggression in protection of the young. It has also been proven however that aggression is not only performed in the protection of the offspring, but it can be directed to the offspring, in which could be directly related to fear.[7]

Feed aggression

This is commonly seen in cattle due to high stocking densities which could potentially decrease the amount of space each cow has, as well as limit their ability to have access to feed, even impacting the ruminal environment.[11][12][13] It is proven that supplying feed and water to cattle that are housed together may be heavily associated with feed aggression and aggressive actions towards others cows [14][15] and within loose-housed cattle, feeding places are noted to have the highest amount of aggressive behaviors.[16]

Comfort induced aggression

These are aggressive behaviors associated with lack of comfort, inadequate lying space or time in which the physical environment fails to provide the animal. Cow comfort plays an important role in the well being as well as maximizing production as an industry. Within many intensive production systems, it is very common to see limited space for resting, which can be associated with negative behaviors as not providing the appropriate space for the animal reduces resting and lying behavior, increasing irritability and the potential to act in aggressive behaviors. Although not all production systems provide limited space and time for lying, uncomfortable stalls are also known to be a major problem when it comes to lying behavior in cattle. Decreasing the quality of resting area for cows will decrease resting time, and increase the likelihood of stress, abnormal and aggressive behaviors [17] as the deprivation of lying/resting behaviors is proven to affect responses within the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis[18][19] which is associated with chronic stress in the animal.[20] Not only lying time and space act as important regulators of comfort induced aggression, but other environmental factors may play a role in the comfort of an animal. Temperature has been shown to be a factor that influences the behavioral interactions between cattle, and it has been found that, by providing cows with the proper cooling environment or as heat could decrease aggressive interactions as cattle will have been shown to engage in aggressive behavior in order to gain access to a shaded and cattle with access to more shade are known to show reduced physiological and behavioral responses to heat.[21]

Stress induced aggression

These are behaviors caused by some sort of stressor that can lead to aggressive advances towards themselves or other individuals.

A stressor is an object or event that can cause a real or perceived threat internally or externally to an animal.[22][23] Stressors are common in farm animals such as dairy cows as they live in a complex environment where there are many stressors including novel objects (new objects such as handlers, food, or group mates), social stimuli (different environments, new individuals), or restraint (physical restraint, moved to cubicles, transported).[24]

Dairy cows specifically have been known to be very sensitive to new, unfamiliar events or objects such as being around an unfamiliar person,[25][26] or presented with a novel food item.[27][28][29]

Stress has extreme negative impacts on growth and reproduction in cattle, as the pituitary-adrenal system is very sensitive to different environmental stressors such as inadequate space, feed, poor quality housing, new objects or individuals, or new living/housing system [30]

Pain induced aggression

Pain is defined as an effective state and can only be truly measured indirectly in both humans and animals, that may present some challenges in decision making regarding pain management.

Many things can result in pain including dehorning, tail docking, handling, castrating, mastitis, lameness, confinement, transportation [31]

Lameness is a common issue seen in cattle, and may occur in facilities with poor management and housing systems, and inadequate handling skills. It is because of this issue that many cows find themselves spending a lot of time lying down, instead of engaging in both aggressive (head butting, vocalizing, pushing) and non aggressive behaviors (licking, walking) due to the pain.

Preventions

Techniques such as low stress handling (LSH) can be used as it provides silence, adequate restraint methods can help minimize stress levels in the animals. Flight zones should be considered when handling or moving cattle, as they have a blind spot and may get spooked easily if unaware if there is an individual around. Providing environments for cows in which minimize any environmental stressor can not only improve the wellbeing and welfare of the animal, but can also reduce aggressive behaviors.[30]

Regular examinations (physical and physiological) should be done to determine the condition of the cow, which could show signs of cuts, or lesions, as well as the secretion or hormones inside the body such as cortisol. Cortisol can be measured through blood sampling, urine, saliva or heart rate to indicate stress level of animal.[32]

Assessing for lameness, as well as giving proper treatment depending on severity/location can include antibiotics, Using proper treatment/prevention for pain when lameness is examined, as well as procedures such as tail docking, dehorning, castrating, mastitis lameness etc.[33]

The primary treatment in lame cows is corrective hoof pairing, which provides draining of abscesses, fixing any structural issue with the hoof, and reducing weight baring problems, however if lesions are seen in cattle, antibiotics or other measures may have to be taken to reduce further infection/irritation.[33]

Setting breeding goals can be a potential way to select for desired temperamental traits, further decreasing the risk of raising aggressive cattle. Before this method of selection can be entirely accurate and safe, however, some tests should be done, such as behavior and temperament tests.[34]

References

  1. ↑ https://www.thejournal.ie/cows-farmers-injury-3793797-Jan2018/
  2. ↑ Fordyce, G; Dodt, R.M; Wythes, J.R (1988). "Cattle temperaments in extensive beef herds in northern Queensland. 1. Factors affecting temperament". Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 28 (6): 683–687. doi:10.1071/ea9880683. 
  3. ↑ Fordyce, G; Goddard, M.E; Tyler, R.; Williams, G; Toleman, M.A (1985). "Temperament and bruising of Bos indicus cross cattle". Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 25 (2): 283–288. doi:10.1071/ea9850283. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Morris, C.A; Cullen, N.G; Kilgour, R; Bremner, K.J (1994). "Some genetic factors affecting temperament in Bos taurus cattle". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37 (2): 167–175. doi:10.1080/00288233.1994.9513054. 
  5. ↑ D’Eath, R.B (2004). "Consistency of aggressive temperament in domestic pigs: the effects of social experience and social disruption". Aggressive Behavior 30 (5): 435–448. doi:10.1002/ab.20077. 
  6. ↑ Landsberg, G.M (2018). "Behavioral Problems of Cattle". https://www.merckvetmanual.com/behavior/normal-social-behavior-and-behavioral-problems-of-domestic-animals/behavioral-problems-of-cattle. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Grandinson, K (2005). "Genetic background of maternal behaviour and its relation to offspring survival". Livestock Production Science 93: 43–50. doi:10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.11.005. 
  8. ↑ Hård, E; Hansen, S (1985). "Reduced fearfulness in the lactating rat". Physiol. Behav. 35 (4): 641–643. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(85)90155-6. PMID 4070441. 
  9. ↑ Fleming, A.S; Luebke, C (1981). "Timidity prevents the virgin female rat from being a good mother: emotionality differences between nulliparous and parturient females". Physiol. Behav. 27 (5): 863–868. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(81)90054-8. PMID 7323193. 
  10. ↑ Ferreira, A; Hansen, S; Nielsen, M; Archer, T; Minor, B.G (1989). "Behavior of mother rats in conflict tests sensitive to anxiety agents". Behav. Neurosci. 103 (1): 193–201. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.103.1.193. PMID 2564276. 
  11. ↑ Clemmons, BA; Campbell, MA; Schneider, LG; Grant, RJ; Dann, HM; Krawczel, PD; Myer, PR (2020). "Effect of stocking density and effective fiber on the ruminal bacterial communities in lactating Holstein cows". PeerJ 8 (e9079): e9079. doi:10.7717/peerj.9079. PMID 32391208. 
  12. ↑ Keeling, L.J; Duncan, I.J.H (1989). "Inter-individual distances and orientation in laying hens housed in groups of three in two different-sized enclosures". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 24 (4): 325–342. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(89)90060-9. 
  13. ↑ Kondo, S.J; Sekine, J; Okubo, M; Asahida, Y (1989). "The effect of group size and space allowance on the agonistic spacing behaviour of cattle". Appl. Animal Behav. Sci. 24: 127–135. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(89)90040-3. 
  14. ↑ Jezierski, T.A; Podłużny, M (1984). "A quantitative analysis of social behaviour of different crossbreds of dairy cattle kept in loose housing and its relationship to productivity". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 13 (1–2): 31–40. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(84)90049-2. 
  15. ↑ Phillips, C.J; Rind, M.I (2001). "The effects of frequency of feeding a total mixed ration on the production and behavior of dairy cows". J. Dairy Sci. 84 (9): 1979–1987. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74641-3. PMID 11573777. 
  16. ↑ Miller, K; Woodgush, D.G.M (1991). "Some effects of housing on the social behavior of dairy cows". Animal Production 53 (3): 271–278. doi:10.1017/s0003356100020262. 
  17. ↑ Leonard, F.C; O’Connell, J; O’Farrell, K (1994). "Effect of different housing conditions on behaviour and foot lesions in Friesian heifers". Vet. Rec. 134 (19): 490–494. doi:10.1136/vr.134.19.490. PMID 8073591. 
  18. ↑ Munksgaard, L; Simonsen, H.B (1996). "Behavioral and pituitary adrenal-axis responses of dairy cows to social isolation and deprivation of lying down". J. Anim. Sci. 74 (4): 769–778. doi:10.2527/1996.744769x. PMID 8727997. 
  19. ↑ Ruckebusch, Y (1974). "Feeding and sleep patterns of cows prior to and post parturition". Applied Animal Ethology 1 (3): 283–292. doi:10.1016/0304-3762(75)90021-8. 
  20. ↑ Ladewig, J; Smidt, D (1989). "Behavior, episodic secretion of cortisol, and adrenocortical reactivity in bulls subjected to tethering". Horm. Behav. 23 (3): 344–360. doi:10.1016/0018-506x(89)90048-2. PMID 2793077. 
  21. ↑ Schütz, K.E; Rogers, A.R; Poulouin, Y.A; Cox, N.R; Tucker, C.B (2010). "The amount of shade influences the behavior and physiology of dairy cattle". J. Dairy Sci. 93 (1): 125–133. doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2416. PMID 20059911. 
  22. ↑ Yamada, K; Nabeshima, T (1995). "Stress-induced behavioral responses and multiple opioid systems in the brain". Behav. Brain Res. 67 (2): 133–145. doi:10.1016/0166-4328(94)00150-e. PMID 7779288. 
  23. ↑ Ramos, A; Mormède, P (1998). "Stress and emotionality: a multidimensional and genetic approach". Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 22 (1): 33–57. doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(97)00001-8. PMID 9491939. 
  24. ↑ Herskin, M.S; Munksgaard, L; Ladewig, J (2004). "Effects of acute stressors on nociception, adrenocortical responses and behavior of dairy cows". Physiology and Behavior 83 (3): 411–420. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.027. PMID 15581663. 
  25. ↑ Hemsworth, P.H; Price, E.O; Borgwardt, R (1996). "Behavioral responses of domestic pigs and cattle to humans and novel stimuli". Appl. Animal Behav. Sci. 50: 43–56. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(96)01067-2. 
  26. ↑ Munksgaard, L; Pasillé, A.M; Rushen, J; Herskin, M.S; Kristensen, A.M (2001). "Dairy cow's fear of people, social learning, and milk yield and behaviour at milking". Appl. Animal Behav. Sci. 73 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(01)00119-8. PMID 11356287. 
  27. ↑ Herskin, M.S; Munksgaard, L (2000). "Behavioral reactivity of cattle toward novel food: effects of testing time and food type of neighbors". J. Anim. Sci. 78 (9): 2323–2328. doi:10.2527/2000.7892323x. PMID 10985406. 
  28. ↑ Herskin, M.S; Munksgaard, L; Kristensen, A.M (2003). "Testing responses to novelty in cattle: behavioral and physiological responses to novel food". Animal Sci. 76 (2): 327–340. doi:10.1017/s1357729800053571. 
  29. ↑ Herskin, M.S; Munksgaard, L; Kristensen, A.M (2003). "Behavioral and adrenocortical responses of dairy cows toward novel food: effects of food deprivation, milking frequency and energy density in the daily ration". Appl. Animal Behav. Sci. 82 (4): 251–265. doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(03)00087-x. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Tirloni, R.R; Rocha, F.A; Lourenço, F.J; Martins, L.R (2013). "Influence of low-stress handling on reactivity score and pregnancy rate during fixed-time artificial insemination in Nellore cows". Breeding and Reproduction 42. 
  31. ↑ Millman, S.T (2013). "Behavioral Responses of Cattle to Pain and Implications for Diagnosis, Management, and Animal Welfare". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 29 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.11.007. PMID 23438399. 
  32. ↑ Schwinn, A.C; Knight, C.H; Bruckmaier, R.M; Gross, J.J (2016). "Suitability of saliva cortisol as a biomarker for hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation assessment,effects of feeding actions, and immunostimulatory challenges in dairy cows". J. Anim. Sci. 94 (6): 2357–2365. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-0260. PMID 27285912. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Laven, R.A; Lawrence, K.E; Weston, J.F; Dowson, K.R; Stafford, K.J (2008). "Assessment of the duration of the pain response associated with lameness in dairy cows, and the influence of treatment". New Zealand Veterinary Journal 56 (5): 210–217. doi:10.1080/00480169.2008.36835. PMID 18836500. 
  34. ↑ Gibbons, J.M; Lawrence, A.B; Haskell, M.J (2009). "Consistency of aggressive feeding behaviour in dairy cows". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 121: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.08.002. 



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