Religion:List of popes

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Short description: List of the heads of the Catholic Church
Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St. Peter's Basilica (their names in Latin and the year of their burial)

This chronological list of popes of the Catholic Church corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes. Published every year by the Roman Curia, the Annuario Pontificio no longer identifies popes by regnal number, stating that it is impossible to decide which pope represented the legitimate succession at various times.[1] The 2001 edition of the Annuario Pontificio introduced "almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes, from St Peter to John Paul II". The corrections concerned dates, especially in the first two centuries, birthplaces and the family name of one pope.[2]

The term pope (Latin: papa, lit. 'father') is used in several churches to denote their high spiritual leaders (for example Coptic pope). This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Catholic Church. The Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition, including Summus Pontifex, Pontifex Maximus, and Servus servorum Dei. Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives, is not incapable of modification.[3]

Hermannus Contractus may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously. His list ends in 1049 with Leo IX as number 154. Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century. Christopher was considered a legitimate pope for a long time but was removed due to how he obtained the papacy. Pope-elect Stephen was listed as Stephen II until the 1961 edition, when his name was removed. The decisions of the Council of Pisa (1409) were reversed in 1963 in a reinterpretation of the Western Schism, extending Gregory XII's pontificate to 1415 and classifying rival claimants Alexander V and John XXIII as antipopes.

A significant number of these popes have been recognized as saints, including 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes, and others are in the sainthood process. Of the first 31 popes, 28 died as martyrs.

Chronological list of popes

1st millennium

1st century

Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless

2nd century

Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | c. 199 –
c. 200
(1 year, 0 days) | Natalius
NATALIVS | style="font-size:85%"|Roma, Italia, Roman Empire[birth 1] | style="font-size:85%"|— | style="font-size:85%"|Roman citizen, born in the capital of the Roman Empire. In opposition to pope Zephyrinus. Later reconciled.

3rd century

Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 217 –
235
(18 years, 0 days) | St Hippolytus
HIPPOLYTVS | style="font-size:85%"|c. 170 AD Asia Minor, Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|47 / 65 | style="font-size:85%"|Roman citizen of Greek descent (Constitutio Antoniniana). In opposition to Callixtus I, Urban I and Pontian. Later reconciled with Pontian (see below). Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | March 251 –
258
(7 years, 0 days) | Novatian
NOVATIANVS | style="font-size:85%"|c. 200–20 AD Rome, Italia, Roman Empire[birth 1] | style="font-size:85%"|31–51 / 38–58 |style="font-size:85%"| Roman citizen. Founder of Novatianism. In opposition to Cornelius, Lucius I, Stephen I and Sixtus II. Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless

4th century

Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 355 –
22 November 365
(10 years, 0 days) | Felix II
FELIX Secundus | style="font-size:85%"|c. 300 AD Rome, Italy, Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|55 / 65 |style="font-size:85%"| Roman citizen. In opposition to Pope Liberius. Installed by Arian-leaning Emperor Constantius II. Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 1 October 366 –
16 November 367
(1 year, 46 days) | Ursinus
VRSINVS | style="font-size:85%"|Rome, Italy, Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|— |style="font-size:85%"| Roman citizen. In opposition to Damasus I. Banished to Gallia by Emperor Valentinian II after a war between two sects and died after 384. Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless

5th century

Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 27 December 418 –
3 April 419
(97 days) | Eulalius
EVLALIVS | style="font-size:85%"|c. 350–80 AD Rome, Italy, Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|68–38 / 69–39 (†72–42) |style="font-size:85%"| Roman citizen. In opposition to Pope Boniface I. Elected on the eve of the election of Boniface, first benefited from the support of the emperor Honorius, but lost it quickly. Exiled in Campania, and died in 423. Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 22 November 498 –
Aug 506/8
(7 years, 252 days) | Laurence
LAVRENTIVS | style="font-size:85%"|c. 460 AD Rome, Italy, Western Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|38 / 46 (†48) |style="font-size:85%"| Roman citizen, later a subject of the (Ostrogothic) Kingdom of Italy. In opposition to Symmachus. Elected on the same day as Symachus, King Theodoric settled in favor of his adversary. Took control of Rome in 501 and remained pope in fact until he died in 506/08.

6th century

Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 22 September 530 –
14 October 530
(22 days) | Dioscore
DIOSCORVS | style="font-size:85%"|Alexandria, Aegyptus, Eastern Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|— |style="font-size:85%"| (Eastern) Roman citizen of Greek descent. In opposition to Pope Boniface II. Candidate of the Byzantine party, elected by the majority of the cardinals and recognized by Constantinople, he died less than a month after his election. Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless

7th century

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8th century

Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 22 March 752 –
25 March 752
(3)
(Never took office as pope) | | Stephen
STEPHANUS | Stephanus | style="font-size:85%"|c. 700 Rome, Duchy of Rome, Exarchate of Ravenna, Eastern Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|52 / 52 | style="font-size:85%"|(Eastern) Roman citizen. Was of Roman ethnicity. Previously known as Stephen II. Died three days after his election, having never received episcopal consecration. Some lists still include him. The Vatican sanctioned his addition in the sixteenth century; removed in 1961. He is no longer considered a pope by the Catholic Church. Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item

9th century

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10th century

Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | October 903 –
January 904
(92 days)
(92) | Christopher
CHRISTOFORO | style="font-size:85%"|Rome, Papal States | style="font-size:85%"|— | style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. In opposition to Leo V. Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 6 December 963 –
26 February 964
(82 days)
(82) | Leo VIII
LEO Octavus | style="font-size:85%"|c. 915 Rome, Papal States | style="font-size:85%"|48 / 49 |style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. Appointed antipope by Emperor Otto in 963 in opposition to John XII and Benedict V. His pontificate after the deposition of Benedict V is considered legitimate by the modern Catholic Church. Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | July 974 –
July 974
(30 days)
(30) | Boniface VII
BONFATIUS Septinus | style="font-size:85%"|Rome, Papal States | style="font-size:85%"|— | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States, born Francone Ferucci. In opposition to Benedict VI and Benedict VII. Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 20 August 984 –
20 July 985
(334 days)
(334) | Boniface VII
BONFATIUS Septinus | style="font-size:85%"|Rome, Papal States | style="font-size:85%"|— | style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. In opposition to John XIV and John XV

Template:Pope list item portraitless Template:Pope list item portraitless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | April 997 –
February 998
(306 days)
(306) | John XVI
IOANNES Sextus Decimus | style="font-size:85%"|c. 941 Rossanum, Calabria, Italy, Eastern Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|55 / 56 (†60) | style="font-size:85%"|Born as an Eastern Roman citizen. In opposition to Gregory V Template:Pope list item portraitless

2nd millennium

11th century

Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 12 June 1012 –
31 December 1012
(202 days) | | Gregory VI
GREGORIVS Sextus | Gregorio | style="font-size:85%"|Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|— | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. In opposition to Benedict VIII Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 4 April 1058 –
24 January 1059
(295 days) | | Benedict X
BENEDICTVS Decimus | Giovanni Mincio di Tuscolo | style="font-size:85%"|Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|— | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. In opposition to Nicholas II. Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 30 September 1061 –
1072
(10 years, 185 days) | | Honorius II
HONORIVS Secundus | Pietro Candalus | style="font-size:85%"|1010 Verona, March of Verona, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|61 / 72 | style="font-size:85%"|Born as a subject of the March of Verona, was of Italian ethnicity (born after the Placiti Cassinesi was written). In opposition to Pope Alexander II Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 25 June 1080 –
8 September 1100
(20 years, 75 days) | Clement III - Antipope (cropped).jpg | Clement III
CLEMENS Tertius | Guibert of Ravenna | style="font-size:85%"|1029 Ravenna, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|51 / 71 | style="font-size:85%"|In opposition to Pope Gregory VII, Pope Victor III, Pope Urban II and Pope Paschal II. Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 8 September 1100 –
January 1101
(115 days) | | Theodoric
THEODORICVS | Teodorico | style="font-size:85%"|c. 1030 Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|70 / 71 | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States, was of Lombard ethnicity. In opposition to Pope Paschal II

12th century

|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | January 1101 –
February 1102
(1 year, 31 days) | | Adalbert
ADALBERTVS | Adalberto
O.S.B. | style="font-size:85%"|Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|— | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States, was of Lombard ethnicity. In opposition to Pope Paschal II

|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | — | 8 November 1105 –
11 April 1111
(5 years, 154 days) | | Sylvester IV
SILVESTER Quartus | Maguinulf | style="font-size:85%"|1050 Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|49 / 55 (†56) | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States, was of German ethnicity. In opposition to Paschal II.

Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
| 10 March 1118 –
20 April 1121
(3 years, 41 days) | | Gregory VIII
GREGORIVS Octavus | Maurice Baurdain | style="font-size:85%"|c. 1060 Limousin, Occitania, France | style="font-size:85%"|58 / 61 (†77) | style="font-size:85%"|Born as a subject of the Kingdom of France, was of Occitan ethnicity. In opposition to Gelasius II and Callixtus II. Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
| 16 December 1124–
16 December 1124
(0 days) | | Celestine II
COELESTINVS Secundus | Teobaldo Boccapecora | style="font-size:85%"|1050 Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|74 / 74 (†76) | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. In opposition to Honorius II. Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
| 14 February 1130 –
25 January 1138
(7 years, 345 days) | | Anacletus II
ANACLETUS Secundus | Pietro Pierleoni
O.S.B. | style="font-size:85%"|1090 Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|40 / 48 | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. In opposition to Innocent II.

|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
| 23 March 1138 –
25 March 1138
(2 days) | | Victor IV
VICTOR Quartus | Gregorio Conti | style="font-size:85%"|Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|— | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of throne the Papal States. In Opposition to Pope Innocent II

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|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
| 7 September 1159 –
20 April 1164
(4 years, 226 days) | | Victor IV
VICTOR Quartus | Ottaviano dei Crescenzi Ottaviani di Monticelli | style="font-size:85%"|1095 Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|64 / 69 | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. In opposition to Pope Alexander III.

|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
| 28 April 1164 –
22 September 1168
(4 years, 147 days) | | Paschal III
PASCALIS Tertius | Guido di Crema | style="font-size:85%"|1110 Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|54 / 58 | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. In opposition to Alexander III.

|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
| 30 September 1168 –
29 August 1178
(9 years, 333 days) | | Callixtus III
CALLIXTVS Tertius | Giovanni di Struma
O.S.B. | style="font-size:85%"|1090 Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|78 / 88 | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. In opposition to Alexander III.

|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
| 29 September 1179 –
January 1180
(124 days) | | Innocent III
INNOCENTIVS Tertius | Lando di Sezze (or Lanzo) | style="font-size:85%"|1120 Sezze, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | style="font-size:85%"|59 / 60 (†63) | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. In opposition to Alexander III.

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13th century

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14th century

Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
| 12 May 1328–
25 July 1330
(2 years, 74 days) | Antipope-Nicholas V.jpg | Nicholas V
NICOLAVS Quintus | Pietro Rainalducci,
O.F.M. | style="font-size:85%"|1260 Corvaro, Papal States | style="font-size:85%"|68 / 70 (†73) | style="font-size:85%"|Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the Papal States. In opposition to John XXII. Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
C o a Clemente VII (Avignone).svg | 20 September 1378 –
16 September 1394
(15 years, 353 days) | GiacMaster Clement VII.jpg | Clement VII
CLEMENS Septimus | Robert de Genève | style="font-size:85%"|1342 Chateau d'Annecy, County of Savoy, H.R.E. | style="font-size:85%"|36 / 52 | style="font-size:85%"|Born as a subject of the Kingdom of France. In opposition to Urban VI (1378–89) and Boniface IX (1389–1404)

|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
C o a Benedetto XIII (Avignone).svg | 28 September 1394 –
23 May 1423
(28 years, 237 days) | Antipope Benedictus XIII.jpg | Benedict XIII
BENEDICTVS Tertius Decimus | Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor | style="font-size:85%"|25 November 1328 Illueca, Aragon | style="font-size:85%"|66 / 94 | style="font-size:85%"|Born as a subject of the Kingdom of Aragon. In opposition to Boniface IX (1389–1404), Innocent VII (1404–06), Gregory XII (1406–15), Martin V (1417–31) and Pisan Antipopes Alexander V (1409–10) and John XXIII (1410–15) Template:Pope list item

15th century

Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
C o a Alexander V (antipapa).svg | 30 June 1409 –
3 May 1410
(307 days) | Nuremberg Chronicles f 235v 3 (Alexander V).jpg | Alexander V
ALEXANDER Quintus | Pétros Philárgēs,
O.F.M. | style="font-size:85%"|1339 Neapoli, Candia, Republic of Venice | style="font-size:85%"|70 / 71 | style="font-size:85%"|Born as a citizen of the Republic of Venice. Was of Greek ethnicity. Western Schism. In opposition to Gregory XII. Considered a legitimate pope until 1963 and is numbered as such to this day.

|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
C o a Giovanni XXIII (Pisa).svg | 25 May 1410 –
30 May 1415
(5 years, 5 days) | Johannes XXIII. Gegenpapst 2.jpg | John XXIII
IOANNES Vicesimus Tertius | Baldassarre Cossa | style="font-size:85%"|1365 Procida, Naples | style="font-size:85%"|45 / 50 (†54) | style="font-size:85%"|Born as a subject of the Kingdom of Naples. Western Schism. In opposition to Gregory XII. Convened Council of Constance. Deposed. Became dean of the College of Cardinals in 1417. Was considered a legitimate pope until 1958.

Template:Pope list item Template:Pope list item |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
C o a Antipope Clement VIII.svg | 10[4] or 20[5] June 1423 –
26 July 1429
(6 years, 36 days) | Palma Antipapa Clemens VIII.JPG | Clement VIII
CLEMENS Octavus | Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón | style="font-size:85%"|1369 Teruel, Aragon | style="font-size:85%"|54 / 60 (†77) | style="font-size:85%"|Born as a subject of the Kingdom of Aragon. Western Schism. In opposition to Martin V.

|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | | 1424 –
1429
| | Antipope Benedict XIV | Bernard Garnier | style="font-size:85%"|France | style="font-size:85%"| | style="font-size:85%"| Born as a subject of the Kingdom of France. Two antipope claimants[6]

|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | | 1430 –
1437
| | Antipope Benedict XIV | Jean Carrier | style="font-size:85%"|France | style="font-size:85%"| | style="font-size:85%"| Born as a subject of the Kingdom of France. Two antipope claimants[7]

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|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" | style="text-align:center;" | —
Coat of Arms of Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy as Antipope Felix V.svg | 5 November 1439 –
7 April 1449
(9 years, 153 days) | Portrait of Antipope Felix V.jpg | Felix V
FELIX Quintus | Amadeus | style="font-size:85%"|4 September 1383 Chambéry, France | style="font-size:85%"|56 / 65 (†67) | style="font-size:85%"|Born as a subject of the Kingdom of France. In opposition to Eugene IV[8] and Nicholas V.[9] Also ruled as count of Savoy.

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16th century

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17th century

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18th century

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19th century

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20th century

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3rd millennium

21st century

Template:Pope list item Longest-living pope on record. Died on 31 December 2022, in Vatican.[10]

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Religious orders

51 popes and 6 antipopes (in italics) have been members of religious orders, including 12 members of third orders. They are listed by order as follows:

Family Order Number Percentage Popes Total Percentage of all popes
Augustinians Order of Saint Augustine 1 1.75% Eugene IV 6 2.26%
Canons Regular 4 7.02% Honorius II, Innocent II, Lucius II, Adrian IV
Premonstratense 1 1.75% Gregory VIII
Benedictines Order of Saint Benedict 22 38.6% Gregory I, Boniface IV, Adeodatus II, Leo IV, John IX, Leo VII, John XVI, Sylvester II, Sergius IV, Stephen IX, Gregory VII, Victor III, Urban II, Paschal II, Adalbert, Gelasius II, Anacletus II, Callixtus III, Celestine V, Clement VI, Urban V, Pius VII 23 8.65%
Camaldolese 1 1.75% Gregory XVI
Cistercians 2 3.51% Eugene III, Benedict XII 2 0.75%
Dominicans 7 12.28% Innocent V, Benedict XI, Nicholas V, Pius V, Benedict XIII, Benedict XV 7 2.63%
Franciscans Order of Friars Minor 5 8.77% Nicholas IV, Nicholas V, Alexander V, Sixtus IV, Julius II 17 6.39%
Order of Friars Minor Conventual 2 3.51% Sixtus V, Clement XIV
Secular Franciscan Order 10 17.54% Gregory IX, Gregory X, Martin V, Innocent XII, Clement XII, Pius IX, Leo XIII, Pius X, Pius XI, John XXIII
Jesuits 1 1.75% Francis 1 0.38%
Theatines 1 1.75% Paul IV 1 0.38%
Total 57 57

Numbering of popes

Regnal numbers follow the usual convention for European monarchs. The first pope who chooses a unique name is not usually identified by an ordinal, John Paul I being the exception. Antipopes are treated as pretenders, and their numbers are reused by those considered to be legitimate popes. However, there are anomalies in the numbering of the popes. Several numbers were mistakenly increased in the Middle Ages because the records were misunderstood. Several antipopes were also kept in the sequence, either by mistake or because they were previously considered to be true popes.[11]

  • Alexander: Antipope Alexander V (1409–1410) was listed in the Annuario Pontificio as a legitimate pope until the 20th century,[12] when the Pisan popes were reclassified as antipopes. There had already been three more Alexanders by then, so there is now a gap in the numbering sequence.
  • Donus: The name has only been used by one pope. The apocryphal Pope Donus II resulted from confusion between the Latin word dominus (lord) and the name Donus.
  • Felix: Antipope Felix II (356–357) was kept in the numbering sequence.[13]
  • John: The numbering of the Popes John is particularly confused. In the modern sequence, they are identified by the numbers they used during their reigns.
    • Antipope John XVI (997–998) was kept in the numbering sequence.
    • Pope John XXI (1276–1277) chose to skip the number XX, believing that there had been another Pope John between XIV and XV. In reality, John XIV had been counted twice.[14]
    • By the 16th century, the numbering error had been conflated with legends about a female Pope Joan, whom some authors called John VIII. She was never listed in the Annuario Pontificio.[15]
    • Antipope John XXIII (1410–1415) was listed in the Annuario Pontificio as a legitimate pope until the 20th century.[12] After the Pisan popes were classified as antipopes, Pope John XXIII (1958–1963) chose to reuse the number, citing "twenty-two [sic] Johns of indisputable legitimacy."[16]
  • Martin: Pope Martin I (649–655) is followed by Martin IV (1281–1285). Due to the similarity between the Latin names Marinus and Martinus, Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and III.[17]
  • Stephen: Pope-elect Stephen (752) died before being consecrated. He was previously known as Stephen II, but the Vatican removed him from the official list of popes in 1961.[14] The remaining Stephens are now numbered Pope Stephen II (752–757) to Pope Stephen IX (1057–1058).

See also

  • Annuario Pontificio
  • History of the papacy
  • Index of Vatican City-related articles
  • Legends surrounding the papacy
  • Liber Pontificalis
  • Papal name
  • Papal appointment
  • Pope John (numbering)
  • Prophecy of the Popes


Lists

  • List of canonised popes
  • List of murdered popes
  • List of popes by nationality
  • List of popes from the Borgia family
  • List of popes from the Conti family
  • List of popes from the Medici family
  • List of sexually active popes
  • List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State
  • List of popes (graphical)


Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rome

References

  1. ↑ Annuario Pontificio (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 ISBN:978-88-209-8722-0), p. 12
  2. ↑ "Corrections Made to Official List of Popes". ZENIT. 5 June 2001. http://www.zenit.org/article-1597?l=english. 
  3. ↑ "Papal Primacy of honour: titles and insignia". Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12260a.htm#V. 
  4. ↑ Kelly, J. N. D.; Walsh, Michael (23 July 2015). Dictionary of Popes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191044793. https://books.google.com/books?id=JlExDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT588. 
  5. ↑ "Clement (VIII) | antipope". 24 December 2023. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Clement-VIII-antipope. 
  6. ↑ The Deaths of the Popes: Comprehensive Accounts, Including Funerals, Burial Places and Epitaphs. McFarland. 18 August 2010. ISBN 9780786461165. https://books.google.com/books?id=EYbeCQAAQBAJ&dq=antipope+benedict+xiv&pg=PA150. 
  7. ↑ Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. 11 August 2004. ISBN 9780786420711. https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&dq=antipope+benedict+xiv&pg=PA234. 
  8. ↑ "Amadeus VIII | antipope and duke of Savoy". 3 January 2024. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amadeus-VIII. 
  9. ↑ "Nicholas V | Vatican Library & Dum Diversas". 11 November 2023. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-V-pope. 
  10. ↑ "The 95-year-old Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI passed away at the Vatican's Mater Ecclesiae Monastery". Vatican News. 31 December 2022. https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2022-12/pope-emeritus-benedict-xvi-dies-aged-95.html. 
  11. ↑ Louis Duchesne, "Le nombre des papes", in: Miscellanea di storia ecclesiastica e studi ausiliare Vol. 2 (Roma: 1903–1904), pp. 3–7.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1942. Rome. 1942. p. 21. "205. Gregorio XII, Veneto, Correr (c. 1406, cessò a. 1409, m. 1417) - Pont. a. 2, m. 6. g. 4. 206. Alessandro V, dell'Isola di Candia, Filargo (c. 1409, m. 1410). - Pont. m. 10, g. 8. 207. Giovanni XXII o XXIII o XXIV, Napoletano, Cossa (c. 1410, cessò dal pontificare 29 mag. 1415" 
  13. ↑ Wikisource-logo.svg Paschal Robinson (1913). "Antipope". in Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Wikisource-logo.svg Paschal Robinson (1913). "Chronological Lists of Popes". in Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 
  15. ↑ Wikisource-logo.svg Paschal Robinson (1913). "Popess Joan". in Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 
  16. ↑ "I Choose John ...". Time: 91. 10 November 1958. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938062,00.html. 
  17. ↑ Wikisource-logo.svg Paschal Robinson (1913). "Pope Martin IV". in Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 

Sources

  • The Early Papacy: To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451, Adrian Fortescue, Ignatius Press, 2008.
  • The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, John N.D. Kelly, Oxford University Press, 1986.
  • Catholicism, Henri de Lubac, Ignatius Press, 1988.
  • Rome and the Eastern Churches, Aidan Nichols, Ignatius Press, 2010.
  • I Papi. Venti secoli di storia, Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2002.
  • Rome Sweet Home, Scott Hahn, Ignatius Press, 1993.
  • Enciclopedia dei Papi, AA.VV., Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, 2000.

External links

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