Engineering:AR-15–style rifle

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Short description: Class of semi-automatic rifles


Rifles styled like the AR-15 come in many sizes and have many options, depending on the manufacturer. The lower receiver, without the receiver extension, rear takedown pin, and buttstock, is shown at bottom.

An AR-15–style rifle is any lightweight semi-automatic rifle based on or similar to the Colt AR-15 design. The Colt model removed the selective fire feature of its predecessor, the original ArmaLite AR-15, itself a scaled-down derivative of the AR-10 design by Eugene Stoner.

ArmaLite sold the patent and trademarks for both to Colt's Manufacturing Company in 1959 after the military rejected the design in favor of the M14. After most of the patents for the Colt AR-15 expired in 1977, many firearm manufacturers began to produce copies of the rifle under various names. While the patents are expired, Colt has retained the trademark to the AR-15 name and is the sole manufacturer able to label their firearms as such.[1]

From 1994 to 2004, the Federal Assault Weapons Ban restricted the sale of the Colt AR-15 and some derivatives in the United States, although it did not affect rifles with fewer listed features.[2][3] After the phrase "modern sporting rifles", to be used synonymously with the AR-15 style, was coined in 2009 by the US National Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF), a firearms trade association, it was quickly adopted by much of the industry.[4][5] Beginning in the 2010s, AR-15–style rifles became one of the "most beloved and most vilified rifles" in the United States, according to The New York Times ; the rifles have gained infamy due in part to their use in high-profile mass shootings.[6] Promoted as "America's rifle" by the National Rifle Association of America,[7] their popularity is partially attributable to active restrictions, or proposals to ban or restrict them.[8][9][10] Thus, they are emblematic as being on the frontline of the debate over U.S. gun control.

Terminology

The "AR" in AR-15 stands for "ArmaLite Rifle",[11] and "AR-15" is most-commonly used to refer only to the civilian semi-automatic variants of the rifle which lack the fully automatic function.[12] A common misconception is that "AR" is an abbreviation for "assault rifle" or "automatic rifle",[13][14][15] perhaps because of the weapon's inclusion in the Federal Assault Weapons Ban in 1994, or because the ArmaLite AR-15 was originally designed to replace the M14 rifle in the Vietnam War.[16]

The AR-15 is closely related to the military M16 and M4 Carbine rifles, which all share the same core design. Invented by infantry rifle designer Eugene Stoner in 1956 for use in the 7.62 NATO caliber ArmaLite AR-10 battle rifle, the design features a gas-operated, rotating bolt combined with an integral piston (instead of a conventional direct impingement, operating system), and was patented under U.S. Patent 2,951,424.[17][18] A lighter weight selective fire variant of the AR-10 was designed in 1958 for military use and designated the ArmaLite model 15, or AR-15.[19][16] Due to financial problems and limitations in terms of manpower and production capacity, ArmaLite sold the AR-15 and AR-10 designs and trademarks to Colt in 1959.[20]

1973 Colt AR-15 SP1 rifle with 'slab side' lower receiver (lacking raised boss around magazine release button) and original Colt 20-round box magazine

In 1964, Colt began selling its own version with an improved semi-automatic design known as the Colt AR-15.[21] After Colt's patents expired in 1977, an active marketplace emerged for other manufacturers to produce and sell their own semi-automatic AR-15–style rifles.[1] Some versions of the AR-15 were classified as "assault weapons" and banned under the Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act in 1994 within the United States . This act expired in 2004.[2][22]

In 2009, the term "modern sporting rifle" was coined by the National Shooting Sports Foundation for its survey that year as a marketing term used by the firearms industry to describe modular semi-automatic rifles including AR-15s.[23][4][24][12] Today, nearly every major firearm manufacturer produces its own generic AR-15–style rifle.[25][24] As Colt continues to own and use the AR-15 trademark for its line of AR-15 variants, other manufacturers must use their own model numbers and names to market their AR-15–style rifles for commercial sale.[26]

Under US law, when fitted with a barrel less than 16 inches (41 cm) and lacking any rear shoulder support, it is legally considered a pistol as opposed to being a short-barreled rifle,[27] and is described as an AR-15–style pistol.

The lower receiver alone is legally defined as a firearm under United States federal law. However, this definition may be questionable due to several court rulings (or government dismissals to avoid rulings) that the AR-15 lower receiver does not match the legal definition in 27 CFR § 479.11,[28][29][30] though a 2021 case from the Eighth Circuit found otherwise.[31]

Modularity and customization

While most earlier breech-loading rifles had a single receiver housing both the trigger and reloading mechanism, an innovative feature of the AR-15 was modular construction to simplify substitution of parts and avoid need for arsenal facilities for most repairs of malfunctioning military rifles.[32] A distinctive two-part receiver is used by both military and sporting AR-15–style rifles.

As civilian ownership of AR-15–style rifles became sufficient to create a market for improvements, numerous manufacturers began producing aftermarket parts—including parts with features not found on basic AR-15 rifles, and individuals with basic mechanical aptitude can often substitute these pieces for original equipment without needing a gunsmith. Due to the vast assortment of aftermarket parts and accessories available, AR-15–style rifles have also been referred to as "the Swiss Army knife of rifles",[33] "Barbie Dolls for Guys",[34][35] or "LEGOs for adults".[36][37][38] These more or less interchangeable modules are a defining characteristic of AR-15–style rifles.[39]

A stripped lower receiver, one that is lacking the additional parts included in a completed lower receiver, is the only part of an AR-15–style rifle that needs to be transferred through a federally licensed firearms dealer under United States federal law.[40]

Lower receivers may be bought "stripped"—a single solid part and legally a firearm in the United States, albeit nonfunctional, with no fire control group or lower parts kit installed. End users may install their own choice of fire control group and lower parts kit. A completed lower receiver, compared to a stripped lower receiver, may be visually distinguished by the trigger guard ahead of the detachable pistol grip, and behind the magazine well capable of holding detachable magazines. The lower receiver holds the trigger assembly including the hammer, and is the attachment point for the buttstock. The lower receiver is attached to the upper receiver by two removable pins. Disassembly for cleaning or repair of malfunctions requires disengaging these pins from the upper receiver. Releasing the rear take-down pin allows the receiver to be opened by rotation around the forward pivot pin as a hinge.[32]

The upper receiver contains the bolt carrier assembly and is attached to the barrel assembly. Sights may be attached to the upper receiver or the barrel assembly. A handguard usually encloses the barrel and is attached to the upper receiver, and depending on the handguard, also attached to the barrel's gas block.[32]

Folding stocks

AR-15–style rifles may have folding or collapsible stocks which reduce the overall length of the rifle when folded, although some designs of the stock folding device may not allow the firearm to be fired until unfolded, or only fire once until unfolded.[41] A few manufacturers have made full upper receivers,[42] or even "bufferless" bolt carrier systems where the buffer system is wholly contained in the upper receiver, and therefore does not use the buffer tube, which allows for firing while the stock is in the folded position, or removal of the stock altogether.[43]

Gas systems

The standard design includes a gas block and tube to vent burnt powder gas back into the bolt carrier assembly where it expands in a variable volume chamber forcing the bolt open to eject the spent cartridge case. The buffer spring in the buttstock then pushes the bolt closed after picking up a new cartridge from the magazine. This Stoner bolt and carrier piston system has the disadvantage of venting un-burned smokeless powder residue into the receiver where it may ultimately accumulate in quantities causing malfunctions. Some AR-15–style rifles use an alternative short-stroke gas piston design borrowed from the ArmaLite AR-18, where a metal rod pushes against the bolt carrier, driven by a piston located just behind the barrel gas port. This piston design keeps the rifle cleaner by not exhausting in to the receiver.[44] Other AR-15–style rifles feature redesigned gas systems so the rifle is "over-the-beach capable", allowing it fire safely as quickly as possible after being submerged in water.[45][46] The original design features a free-floating firing pin. To theoretically reduce the risk of slam-firing, the HK416 and its civilian variant MR556 feature a proprietary firing pin safety in the bolt. Such firing pin safeties may obstruct the upper from working with standard AR-15-type full height hammers located in the fire control group of the lower.[47]

Left-handed users

Most rifles eject spent cartridges from the right side of the receiver away from right handed shooters who place the butt against the right shoulder while sighting with the right eye and using a finger of the right hand to pull the trigger.[48] Right-side ejection is a disadvantage for the third of the population whose left eye is dominant,[49] and for the tenth of the population who are left handed,[50] because holding these rifles against their left shoulder for maximum accuracy may cause the rifle to eject hot spent cases toward the chest, neck, or face of a left handed shooter.[51] When the M16A2 was adopted by the Army in 1986, it incorporated a built-in brass deflector to keep ejected cartridges from hitting the user. Most civilian variants also copy that feature.[52] The modular design of AR-15–style rifles has encouraged several manufacturers to offer specialized parts including leftward ejecting upper receivers and left-handed bolts/bolt carriers for converting right handed AR-15–style rifles for left-handed use.[53][54][55]

Ambidextrous lower receivers, magazine releases, and safety selectors have also been produced, allowing release of the magazine from the left side, closing of the bolt from the right side, and operation of the safety from the right side, respectively.[56]

Calibers

The AR-15 is nominally chambered in .223 Remington or 5.56×45mm NATO, with the .223 Wylde chamber allowing for the safe chambering of both, but many variants have been produced in different calibers such as .22 LR, 7.62×39mm, 9×19mm Parabellum,[57] 6.5mm Grendel, and shotgun calibers.[58] Some of these firearms chambered in smaller calibers such as 9mm or .22 utilize simple blowback[59] or delayed blowback[60] operating principles instead of the default direct impingement/internal-piston based operating system, as insufficient gas pressure or volume is produced by the round to cycle the action, or the simpler blowback system is sufficient and may allow removal of the rear buffer tube and spring.

Compliance with state or local restrictions

Some AR-15–style rifles limit use of detachable magazines to comply with state regulations.[61][62] Nearly all versions of the civilian AR-15 have a pistol grip like the military versions, but as the pistol grip is generally removable, grips and stocks that comply with various restrictions are available.[63]

While AR-15–style rifles are banned in New York City, the FightLite SCR has been explicitly allowed, even though it accepts standard AR-15 upper receivers.[64][65] The SCR lower receiver differs from the standard AR-15 lower receiver in that it uses a Monte Carlo stock instead of a pistol grip, which may allow it to be legally possessed in jurisdictions with assault weapon restrictions in place. It also uses a proprietary bolt carrier due to the angled buffer tube, and a proprietary fire control group that moves the trigger rearward.[66]

A few manufactures offer bolt action or pump action[67][68] AR-15–style rifles incapable of semi-automatic fire.[69] These are most commonly marketed in jurisdictions where ownership of semi-automatic rifles is heavily restricted, such as in the United Kingdom.

Comparison to military versions

The semi-automatic civilian AR-15 was introduced by Colt in 1963. The primary distinction between the civilian semi-automatic rifles and the military assault rifles is select fire. Military models are produced with multiple firing modes: semi-automatic fire, fully automatic fire mode and/or burst fire mode, in which the rifle fires several rounds in succession when the trigger is depressed. Most components are interchangeable between semi-auto and select fire rifles including magazines, sights, upper receiver, barrels and accessories.[70][71] The military M4 carbine typically uses a 14.5-inch (37 cm) barrel. Civilian rifles commonly have 16-inch (41 cm) or longer barrels to comply with the National Firearms Act.[72]

To prevent a civilian semi-automatic AR-15 from being readily converted for use with the select fire components, several features were changed. Parts changed include the lower receiver, bolt carrier, hammer, trigger, disconnector, and safety/mode selector. The semi-automatic bolt carrier has a longer lightening slot to prevent the bolt's engagement with an automatic sear. Due to a decrease in mass, the buffer spring is heavier. On the select-fire version, the hammer has an extra spur which interacts with the additional auto-sear that holds it back until the bolt carrier group is fully in battery, when the automatic fire is selected.[73] Using a portion of the select fire parts in a semi-automatic rifle will not enable a select fire option (this requires a registered part with the ATF). Lower receivers that are select-fire are identified by a pinhole above the safety/mode selection switch.[74][75][76][77] As designed by Colt, the pins supporting the semi-auto trigger and hammer in the lower receiver are larger than those used in the military rifle to prevent interchangeability between semi-automatic and select-fire components. The pivot pin may also be slightly larger in diameter.[78][79]

Production and sales

After the 2004 expiration of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, the firearms industry embraced the AR-15's political and cultural significance for marketing.[80] Almost every major gunmaker produces its own version, with ~16 million Americans owning at least one.[80]

The first version produced for commercial sale by Colt was the SP1 model AR-15 Sporter in .223 Remington, with a 20-inch (51 cm) barrel and issued with five-round magazines.[21] Initial sales of the Colt AR-15 were slow, primarily due to its fixed sights and carry handle that made scopes difficult to mount and awkward to use.[81] Military development of the compact M4 carbine encouraged production of a 16-inch (41 cm) barreled civilian SP1 carbine with a collapsible buttstock beginning in 1977. These carbines have become popular for police use in confined urban spaces, and the collapsible buttstock compensates for the additional thickness of body armor. The shorter barrel reduced bullet velocity by about five percent, and bullet energy by about 10%. The shorter barrel required moving the gas port closer to the chamber, exposing the self-loading system to higher pressures and temperatures which increased stress on moving parts like the bolt lugs and extractor. Although Colt offered a heavier 20-inch (51 cm) barrel for improved accuracy beginning in 1986, increased barrel weight may impair ergonomic balance; so shorter barrels have dominated recent rifle production.[82]

American Tactical OMNI AR-15–style rifle (lower in polymer), 5.56×45mm NATO caliber, with Millett DMS-1 scope and FAB Defense stock and grips

In the 1990s, sales of AR-15–style rifles increased dramatically, partly as a result of the introduction of the flat top upper receiver (M4 variant) which allowed scopes and sighting devices to be easily mounted as well as new features such as free floating hand guards that increased accuracy.[81] While only a handful of companies were manufacturing these rifles in 1994, by the 21st century the number of AR-15–style rifles had more than doubled.[78] From 2000 to 2015, the number of manufacturers of AR-15–style rifles increased from 29 to an estimated 500.[83] AR-15–style rifles are now available in a wide range of configurations and calibers from a large number of manufacturers. These configurations range from standard full-sizes rifles with 20-inch (51 cm) barrels, to short carbine-length models with 16-inch (41 cm) barrels, adjustable length stocks and optical sights, to long range target models with 24-inch (61 cm) barrels, bipods and high-powered scopes.[84]

In September 2019, Colt Firearms announced it was discontinuing production of the AR-15 for the consumer market, citing "significant excess manufacturing capacity" across the industry and the company's "high-volume contracts" with military and police forces that were "absorbing all of Colt's manufacturing capacity for rifles".[85] However, in 2020, Colt resumed production of the AR-15, following a surge in demand in the United States consumer market.[86]

Estimates vary as to how many of the rifles are owned in the United States. The National Shooting Sports Foundation estimated in 2016 that approximately 5 million to 10 million AR-15–style rifles existed in the U.S. within the broader total of the 300 million firearms owned by Americans.[87]

Hunting

Many hunters prefer using AR-15–style rifles because of their versatility, accuracy, wide variety of available features, and wide variety of calibers (see below).[88] Collapsible stocks are convenient for hunters who pack their rifles into remote hunting locations or for length of pull adjustments to fit any sized hunter.[89] Construction with lightweight polymers and corrosion-resistant alloys makes these rifles preferred for hunting in moist environments with less concern about rusting or warping wood stocks. Positioning of the AR-15 safety is an improvement over traditional bolt action hunting rifles. Many states require hunters to use reduced-capacity magazines.[90] If a hunter misses with a first shot, the self-loading feature enables rapid follow-up shots against dangerous animals like feral pigs or rapidly moving animals like jackrabbits.[88] Hunters shooting larger game animals often use upper receivers and barrels adapted for larger cartridges or heavier bullets. Several states prohibit the use of .22 caliber cartridges like the .223 Remington on large game.[91][92][93]

Cartridge variations

Since the upper and lower receivers may be swapped between rifles, forensic firearm examination of bullets and spent cartridges may reveal distinguishing marks from the barrel and upper receiver group without identifying the lower receiver for which legal records may be available.[94] An individual may use several upper receiver groups with the same lower receiver. These upper receiver groups may have differing barrel lengths and sights and may fire different cartridges. A hunter with a single lower receiver might have one upper receiver with a .223 Remington barrel and telescopic sight for varmint hunting in the open country and another upper receiver with a .458 SOCOM barrel and iron sights for big-game hunting in brushy woodland. The dimensions of upper and lower receivers originally designed for the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge impose an overall length limit and diameter limits when adapting modules for other cartridges included in this list of AR platform cartridges.[95][84] The same magazine in the lower receiver group may hold differing numbers of different cartridges.[44]

Crime and mass shootings

United States

Most firearm-related homicides in the United States involve handguns.[96][97][98] A 2019 Pew Research study found that 3% of US gun deaths were caused by rifles, a category which includes AR-15–style rifles.[99] According to a 2013 analysis by Mayors Against Illegal Guns, 14 out of 93 mass shootings involved high-capacity magazines or assault weapons.[100] Nevertheless, AR-15–style rifles have played a prominent role in many high-profile mass shootings in the U.S.[101] and have come to be widely characterized as the weapon of choice for perpetrators of these crimes.[102] AR-15s or similar rifles were the primary weapons used in half of the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern American history:[103][104] the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, the 2017 Sutherland Springs church shooting,[105] the 2018 Parkland high school shooting,[106] and the 2022 Robb Elementary School shooting.[107] The first time wherein an AR-15–style rifle was used in a mass shooting was in 2007, during the Crandon shooting, according to Mother Jones's mass shooting database.[108][109] Gun expert Dean Hazen and mass murder researcher Pete Blair think that mass shooters' gun choices have less to do with the AR-15's specific characteristics but rather with familiarity and a copycat effect.[110][111] According to the National Shooting Sports Foundation, there were an estimated 24.4 million AR-15s in private circulation in the United States in 2020. According to a 2021 Georgetown University poll of gun owners in the US, 24.6 million persons have an AR-15 or a comparable firearm in their possession.[112]

Australia

Following the use of a Colt AR-15 rifle in the Port Arthur massacre, the worst single-person shooting incident in Australian history, the country enacted the National Firearms Agreement in 1996, restricting the private ownership of semi-automatic rifles, semi-automatic shotguns, and pump action shotguns. (Category D[113]).[114][115][116]

New Zealand

As a result of the Christchurch mosque shootings with an AR-15 during Friday Prayer on March 15, 2019, the New Zealand government enacted a law to ban semi-automatic center-fire rifles, magazines holding more than 10 rounds, and parts that can be used to assemble prohibited firearms.[117][118]

Canada

After the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks, the deadliest rampage by a single person in Canadian history,[119] Canada banned a class of firearms, including the AR-15.[120][121]

Partial list of models


See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Zimba, Jeff (2014). The Evolution of the Black Rifle: 20 Years of Upgrades, Options, and Accessories. Prepper Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0692317266. https://books.google.com/books?id=bCFjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT10. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Plumer, Brad (December 17, 2012). "Everything you need to know about the assault weapons ban, in one post" (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/12/17/everything-you-need-to-know-about-banning-assault-weapons-in-one-post/. 
  3. ↑ Libresco, Leah (June 14, 2016). "Guns Like The AR-15 Were Never Fully Banned" (in en-US). FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230521015046/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/guns-like-the-ar-15-were-never-fully-banned/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Peters, Justin (June 14, 2016). "Omar Mateen Had a 'Modern Sporting Rifle'" (in en-US). Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/crime/2016/06/the_sig_sauer_mcx_used_in_orlando_is_a_modern_sporting_rifle_not_an_assault.html. 
  5. ↑ "Modern Sporting Rifle Facts". National Shooting Sports Foundation. 2013. http://www.nssf.org/msr/facts.cfm. 
  6. ↑ Feuer, Alan (June 13, 2016). "AR-15 Rifles Are Beloved, Reviled and a Common Element in Mass Shootings". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/14/nyregion/ar-15-rifles-are-beloved-reviled-and-a-common-element-in-mass-shootings.html. (Subscription content?)
  7. ↑ "Once Banned, Now Loved and Loathed: How the AR-15 Became 'America's Rifle'" (in en-us). March 3, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/03/us/politics/ar-15-americas-rifle.html. ""Billed as “America’s rifle” by the National Rifle Association, the AR-15 is less a specific weapon than a family of them."" (Subscription content?)
  8. ↑ Beckstrand, Tom (October 2019), "The Modern Hunter", Guns & Ammo: 42–49, https://issuhub.com/view/index/15100?pageIndex=46 
  9. ↑ Boyle, John (December 13, 2014). "Military-style AR-15 rifles: 'The market is saturated'" (in en-US). USA Today. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230328225506/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/12/03/military-style-ar-rifles-market-saturated/19836755/. 
  10. ↑ Chip Reid (December 5, 2012). "AR-15 gun sales continue to spike after shootings" (in en-US). CBS News. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20180215150417/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ar-15-gun-sales-continue-to-spike-after-shootings/. 
  11. ↑ "ArmaLite History: 1952–1954". https://www.armalite.com/Armalite/History. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Modern Sporting Rifle – AR-15 platform-based rifles" (in en-US). NSSF. https://www.nssf.org/msr/. 
  13. ↑ Myre, Greg (February 28, 2018). "A Brief History Of The AR-15". National Public Radio. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230513122636/https://www.npr.org/2018/02/28/588861820/a-brief-history-of-the-ar-15. ""AR" comes from the name of the gun's original manufacturer, ArmaLite, Inc. The letters stand for ArmaLite Rifle — and not for "assault rifle" or "automatic rifle."" 
  14. ↑ Sobieck, Benjamin (2015). The Writer's Guide to Weapons. Penguin. p. 202. ISBN 978-1599638157. 
  15. ↑ Palma, Bethania (September 9, 2019). "Does 'AR' in AR-15 Stand for 'Assault Rifle'?". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230518145621/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/meaning-of-ar-in-ar-15-firearm/. "A frequent misconception centers on what the term "AR-15" literally means." 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Bartocci, Christopher R. (July 16, 2012). "The AR-15/M16: The rifle that was never supposed to be". https://gundigest.com/reviews/the-ar-16m16-the-rifle-that-was-never-supposed-to-be. 
  17. ↑ "Patent US2951424 - GAS OPERATED BOLT AND CARRIER SYSTEM". http://www.google.com/patents?id=ETJjAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  18. ↑ "ARMALITE TECHNICAL NOTE 54: DIRECT IMPINGEMENT VERSUS PISTON DRIVE". July 3, 2010. http://www.armalite.com/images/Tech%20Notes%5CTech%20Note%2054,%20Gas%20vs%20Op%20Rod%20Drive,%20020815.pdf. 
  19. ↑ "ArmaLite History: 1955–1959". https://www.armalite.com/Armalite/History. 
  20. ↑ Bartocci, Christopher R. (July 16, 2012). "AR-15/M16: The Rifle That Was Never Supposed to Be". Gun Digest. http://www.gundigest.com/article/the-ar-16m16-the-rifle-that-was-never-supposed-to-be. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Bob Hutton & Bob Forker (October 1964). "A Beautiful Marriage: .223 Remington and Colt's AR-15 'Sporter'". Guns & Ammo. 
  22. ↑ Bocetta, Sam (March 15, 2018). "The Complete History of the AR-15 Rifle". http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-complete-history-of-the-ar-15-rifle. 
  23. ↑ "Modern Sporting Rifle Owners Are Most Active Shooters, Says NSSF/Responsive Management Survey". April 19, 2010. https://www.nssf.org/NewsRoom/releases/show.cfm?PR=041910.cfm&path=2010. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "DPMS Founder and President Retires". The Outdoor Wire Digital Network. December 14, 2009. http://www.theoutdoorwire.com/story/1260775574jux81fpyv51. "Luth's quest to introduce the hunting market to the AR platform was recognized in January 2009 when he was named to the Outdoor Life's OL-25, and later chosen by online voters as the OL-25 "Reader's Choice" recipient. The recent campaign by the NSSF to educate hunters everywhere about the "modern sporting rifle" can be directly attributed to Luth's push to make AR rifles acceptable firearms in the field, the woods and on the range." 
  25. ↑ Richardson, Reed (July 12, 2016). "American Rifle: A Biography of the AR-15". Talking Points Memo. http://talkingpointsmemo.com/longform/american-rifle-ar-15-biography. "Fueled by this "Obama effect" – his reelection in 2012 coincided with the best month for gun sales in decades – every mainline gun manufacturer now sells an AR-15 model." 
  26. ↑ "AR-15 – Trademark Details". https://trademarks.justia.com/722/53/ar-72253092.html. 
  27. ↑ "7 Things You Need to Know Before Buying an AR Pistol". April 16, 2020. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230510142133/https://www.outdoorlife.com/story/hunting/things-to-know-before-buying-an-ar-pistol/. 
  28. ↑ JORDAN MICHAELS, Judge Finds Serious 'Disconnect' in ATF's Classification of AR-15 Lower Receivers as 'Firearms', Guns America LLC, archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=, https://web.archive.org/web/20230201195322/https://www.gunsamerica.com/digest/judge-disconnect-atf-classification-lower-receivers-firearms/ 
  29. ↑ GLOVER, SCOTT (February 7, 2020). "Former ATF agent at center of legal dispute over AR-15". KSL News Radio. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213091624/https://kslnewsradio.com/1919080/former-atf-agent-at-center-of-legal-dispute-over-ar-15/. 
  30. ↑ BLEIBERG, JAKE; DAZIO, STEFANIE (January 13, 2020). "Design of AR-15 could derail charges tied to popular rifle". AP News. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20221021044347/https://apnews.com/article/nv-state-wire-us-news-ap-top-news-ca-state-wire-oh-state-wire-396bbedbf4963a28bda99e7793ee6366. 
  31. ↑ "United States v. Burning Breast, No. 20-1450 (8th Cir. 2021)" (in en). https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca8/20-1450/20-1450-2021-08-11.html. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Colt (January 1980). M16A1 Rifle. Hartford, Connecticut: Colt's Manufacturing Company. 
  33. ↑ Patrick Sweeney ARS Across the Board . Guns & Ammo, November 2010
  34. ↑ Levings, Darryl (February 2, 2013). "AR-15 rifle more loved – and hated – than ever. Amid the rising call for the rifle to be banned, sales of the "Barbie doll for guys" have soared.". Kansas City Star. http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/144390DA1675E4A8?p=AWNB. 
  35. ↑ Kyle, Chris (2014). American Gun. William Morrow Paperbacks. p. 252. ISBN 978-0062242723. https://books.google.com/books?id=pro2RUGYDUUC. 
  36. ↑ Stokes, Jon. "The AR-15 Is More Than a Gun. It's a Gadget" (in en-US). WIRED. https://www.wired.com/2013/02/ar-15/. 
  37. ↑ "Fifteen of the Best Cheap AR Accessories" (in en-US). April 18, 2015. http://blog.cheaperthandirt.com/fifteen-cheap-ar-accessories/. 
  38. ↑ "Lego Kits for Adults" (in en-US). AR Blog. July 13, 2016. http://ballisticadvantage.com/blog/lego-kits-for-adults/. 
  39. ↑ "Modern Sporting Rifle". National Shooting Sports Foundation. https://www.nssf.org/msr/. 
  40. ↑ "10 Best AR-15 Stripped Lower Receiver for Your Needs [2021 Review]". https://gunpros.com/best-ar-15-stripped-lower-receiver/. 
  41. ↑ "Best Folding AR-15: Stocks & Complete Rifles - Pew Pew Tactical". June 5, 2022. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230320225738/https://www.pewpewtactical.com/best-folding-ar-15/. Retrieved June 30, 2022. 
  42. ↑ "[Video+Review Foxtrot Mike FM-15: Best Bufferless AR? - Pew Pew Tactical"]. Dec 9, 2022. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213092117/https://www.pewpewtactical.com/foxtrot-mike-fm-15-review/. Retrieved June 30, 2022. 
  43. ↑ "Bufferless BCGs Available for Pre-order from Evolution Weapon Systems -The Firearm Blog". Dec 9, 2019. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213092117/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2019/12/09/ews-bufferless-bcg-preorder/. Retrieved June 30, 2022. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Popenker, Maxim (September 4, 2012). "Ar-15-type rifles". https://modernfirearms.net/en/civilian-rifles/u-s-a-civilian-rifles/vintovki-tipa-ar-15-eng/. 
  45. ↑ "The Caracal CAR816: The New Desert Assault Rifle". sadefensejournal.com. September 2, 2016. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20221021044509/https://sadefensejournal.com/the-caracal-car816-the-new-desert-assault-rifle/. 
  46. ↑ "CAR814". October 3, 2017. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213092612/https://caracalusa.com/car814/. 
  47. ↑ "Meet the Sig Sauer 516 Rifle: The Best AR-15 Around?". June 30, 2019. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230330001556/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-sig-sauer-516-rifle-best-ar-15-around-64661. 
  48. ↑ Craige, John Houston The Practical Book of American Guns (1950) Bramhall House pp. 108–14
  49. ↑ "Eyedness". Acta Anat (Basel) 96 (2): 301–05. 1976. doi:10.1159/000144681. PMID 970109. 
  50. ↑ "Left-handedness". Psychol Bull 84 (3): 385–404. 1977. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.3.385. PMID 859955. 
  51. ↑ Boddington, Craig. "Rifles For Left-Out Lefties". American Rifleman. https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2015/7/29/rifles-for-left-out-lefties/. Retrieved March 6, 2018. 
  52. ↑ "When the Army Resisted the M16A2, Part 1-3 ⋆ LooseRounds.com". https://looserounds.com/2018/08/15/when-the-army-resisted-the-m16a2-part-12/. 
  53. ↑ "Left Hand". Moriarti Armaments. https://moriartiarmaments.com/left-hand-assemblies-and-parts/. 
  54. ↑ "Left Handed Upper Halves". Stag Arms. https://www.stagarms.com/left-handed-upper-halves/. 
  55. ↑ "Left Handed". Black Rain Ordnance. https://blackrainordnance.com/collections/left-handed. 
  56. ↑ "Best Ambidextrous AR-15 Lower Receivers & Conversions [Tested"]. May 19, 2022. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213092704/https://www.pewpewtactical.com/best-ambidextrous-ar15-lower-receivers/. Retrieved July 1, 2022. 
  57. ↑ "The 30 Best AR-Style Rifles for Hunting and Personal Defense" (in en). September 18, 2019. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20190707191151/https://www.fieldandstream.com/best-ar-style-rifles-hunting-personal-defense/. 
  58. ↑ "NEW: Panzer Arms AR-12 Semiautomatic Shotgun" (in en-US). November 20, 2017. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213092733/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/11/20/panzer-arms-ar-12/. 
  59. ↑ "Review: Smith & Wesson M&P 15-22 Sport OR with Optic" (in en). Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20201016031106/https://www.ssusa.org/articles/2019/8/19/review-smith-wesson-mp-15-22-sport-or-with-optic/. 
  60. ↑ "CMMG Banshee 10mm Mk10 First Look" (in en). September 13, 2019. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230308163420/https://www.handgunsmag.com/editorial/cmmg-banshee-10mm-mk10-first-look/367767. 
  61. ↑ "AR-15 COMPMAG". COMPMAG. http://www.compmag.net/ar-15-compmag/. 
  62. ↑ LaPedis, Ron. "How to make your AR great again – in California". https://www.policeone.com/special-coverage-shot-show-2017/articles/280879006-How-to-make-your-AR-great-again-in-California/. 
  63. ↑ "Best Featureless AR-15 Parts & Builds". Firearm Review. April 9, 2019. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230322093355/https://www.firearmreview.com/ca-featureless-ar-15/. 
  64. ↑ "Ares SCR Is Now New York City Approved -The Firearm Blog". May 22, 2015. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230407023455/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2015/05/22/ares-scr-is-now-new-york-city-approved/. 
  65. ↑ "NYPD Authorizes Registration of ARES SCR Rifles in NYC". May 14, 2015. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230410045110/https://www.ammoland.com/2015/05/nypd-authorizes-registration-of-ares-scr-rifles-in-nyc/. 
  66. ↑ "FightLite SCR - Not Just A Compliant Rifle". August 28, 2019. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230417132946/https://gunmagwarehouse.com/blog/fightlite-scr-not-just-a-compliant-rifle/. 
  67. ↑ Horman, B. Gil. "Review: Troy 223 National Sporting Pump-Action Rifle". American Rifleman. https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2015/9/3/review-troy-223-national-sporting-pump-action-rifle/. Retrieved February 27, 2018. 
  68. ↑ "ComGraf Pump Action Rifle". Trend Editor. https://www.ctlegalars.com/pump-action-rifle. 
  69. ↑ "SGC Mk V Speedmaster Straight-Pull Rifles Reviews" (in en). Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213093327/https://www.gunmart.net/gun-reviews/firearms/rifles/sgc-mk-v-speedmaster. 
  70. ↑ Bartocci, Christopher (July 16, 2012). "AR-15/M16: The Rifle That Was Never Supposed to Be". Gun Digest Media. https://gundigest.com/reviews/the-ar-16m16-the-rifle-that-was-never-supposed-to-be. 
  71. ↑ Zimba, Jeff (2014). The Evolution of the Black Rifle. Prepper Press. ISBN 978-0692317266. 
  72. ↑ Muramatsu, Kevin (2014). Gun Digest Guide to Customizing Your AR-15. F+W Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1440242793. 
  73. ↑ Hanks, D. A. (2004). Workbench AR-15 Project. Paladin Press. ISBN 1610048466. 
  74. ↑ "NCJRS Abstract – National Criminal Justice Reference Service". Ncjrs.gov. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920074551/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=106641. 
  75. ↑ "AR-15, CAR-15, M16 User Manual". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405211326/http://ugcsurvival.com/WeaponsManuals/ar15-m16%20user%20manual.pdf. 
  76. ↑ "Full Auto Volume One : AR-15 Modification Manual". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405211319/http://ugcsurvival.com/WeaponsManuals/ar15conversion%20manual.pdf. 
  77. ↑ Searson, Mike (June 5, 2019). "Turning Your AR-15 into an M-16". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213093111/https://www.recoilweb.com/turning-your-ar-15-into-an-m-16-150631.html. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Sweeney, Patrick (2016). Gunsmithing the AR-15, the Bench Manual. Iola, Wisconsin: F+W Media, Inc.. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-1440246609. https://www.scribd.com/book/368497048/Gunsmithing-the-AR-15-Vol-3-The-Bench-Manual. 
  79. ↑ "Colt AR-15 Proprietary Information". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213093405/https://www.brownells.com/aspx/learn/learndetail.aspx?lid=15867. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Frankel, Todd C.; Boburg, Shawn; Dawsey, Josh; Parker, Ashley; Horton, Alex (27 March 2023). "The gun that divides a nation". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2023/ar-15-america-gun-culture-politics/.  Frankel et al. credit: "Source: National Shooting Sports Foundation and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives." Frankel et al. quote: "The shift began after the 2004 expiration of a federal assault weapons ban that had blocked the sales of many semiautomatic rifles. A handful of manufacturers saw a chance to ride a post-9/11 surge in military glorification while also stoking a desire among new gun owners to personalize their weapons with tactical accessories."
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Mann, Richard A. (2014). GunDigest Shooter's Guide to the AR-15. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-1440238475. https://books.google.com/books?id=MQw5AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15. Retrieved April 30, 2017. 
  82. ↑ Knupp, Jeremiah (2019). "This Is My Rifle: The Case For The 20"-Barreled AR-15". American Rifleman (National Rifle Association of America) 167 (3): 41–45 & 70–72. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20221004043009/https://www.americanrifleman.org/content/the-case-for-the-20-barreled-ar-15-rifle/. 
  83. ↑ O'Dea, Meghan (June 13, 2016). "What Makes the AR-15 So Appealing to Mass Shooters?". Fortune. http://fortune.com/2016/06/13/ar-15-mass-murderer-link/. "While Colt alone makes the official AR-15, variants and knock-offs are made by a huge number of gun manufactures, including Bushmaster, Les Baer, Remington, Smith & Wesson (swhc, +0.00%), and Sturm & Ruger (rgr, -2.04%), just to name a few. TacticalRetailer claims that from 2000 to 2015 the AR manufacturing sector expanded from 29 AR makers to about 500, "a stunning 1,700% increase."" 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Evolution of an AR | Gear | Guns & Ammo . Archives.gunsandammo.com (August 29, 2011). Retrieved on September 27, 2011.
  85. ↑ Jordan Valinsky (September 20, 2019). "Colt will stop making AR-15 rifles for consumers". CNN Business. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230412132925/https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/19/business/colt-ar15/index.html. 
  86. ↑ Chris Eger (June 29, 2020). "Colt Now Shipping AR-15s to Consumers again". Guns.com. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230328214524/https://www.guns.com/news/2020/06/29/colt-now-shipping-ar-15s-to-consumers-again. 
  87. ↑ Schoen, John W. (June 13, 2016). "Owned by 5 million Americans, AR-15 under renewed fire after Orlando massacre". https://www.cnbc.com/2016/06/13/owned-by-5-million-americans-ar-15-under-renewed-fire-after-orlando-massacre.html. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Drabold, Will. "Here Are 7 Animals Hunters Kill Using an AR-15". Time (magazine). http://time.com/4390506/gun-control-ar-15-semiautomatic-rifles/. Retrieved May 22, 2018. "In interviews with Time, leaders of 15 state shooting groups said semiautomatic rifles are popular with hunters in their states. Hunters say they favor the gun for its versatility, accuracy and customizable features for shooting animals. The semiautomatic feature, which allows these guns to shoot up to 45 rounds a minute, is not always necessary, but useful in some situations, hunters say.". 
  89. ↑ Billings, Jacki. "Why hunters are trading in traditional hunting rifles for the AR-15". Guns.com. http://www.guns.com/2017/11/17/why-hunters-are-trading-in-traditional-hunting-rifles-for-the-ar-15/. 
  90. ↑ Metcalf, Dick (April 30, 2012). "The AR for Deer Hunting?". North American Whitetail. http://www.northamericanwhitetail.com/tactics/guns-loads/the-ar-for-deer-hunting/. 
  91. ↑ "Legal Hunting Weapons for Game Mammals". J.F. Griffin Publishing. http://www.eregulations.com/oregon/big-game-hunting/legal-hunting-weapons-game-mammals/. 
  92. ↑ "Legal Firearms for Hunting Big Game or Trophy Game Animals". Kalkomey Enterprises LLC. https://www.hunter-ed.com/wyoming/studyGuide/Legal-Firearms-for-Hunting-Big-Game-or-Trophy-Game-Animals/201053_700083178/. 
  93. ↑ "Legal Use of Firearms and Archery Tackle". Virginia Department of Game & Inland Fisheries. https://www.dgif.virginia.gov/hunting/regulations/general/. 
  94. ↑ Davis, Ann L.. "How can a bullet be traced to a particular gun?". Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-can-a-bullet-be-trace/. Retrieved February 27, 2018. 
  95. ↑ U.S. Military Small Arms Ammunition Failures and Solutions, GK Roberts, NDIA Dallas, TX, May 21, 2008 "Time for a Change". http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2008Intl/Roberts.pdf. 
  96. ↑ "In Many U.S. States, 18 Is Old Enough to Buy a Semiautomatic". The Associated Press. February 16, 2018. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/in-many-u-s-states-18-is-old-enough-to-buy-a-semiautomatic/. "On average, more than 13,000 people are killed each year in the United States by guns, and most of those incidents involve handguns while a tiny fraction involve an AR-style firearm. Still, the AR plays an oversized role in many of the most high-profile shootings..." 
  97. ↑ "Expanded Homicide Data Table 8" (in en-us). https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/expanded-homicide-data-table-8.xls. 
  98. ↑ Balko, Radley (2013) (in en). Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1610392129. https://books.google.com/books?id=vTkTTIF1IpUC&pg=PT147. 
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  100. ↑ Todd, Michael (December 23, 2013). "The Simple Facts About Mass Shootings Aren't Simple at All". https://psmag.com/news/simple-facts-mass-shootings-arent-simple-72055/. 
  101. ↑ Lisa Marie Pane And Brendan Farrington (February 15, 2018). "Florida shooting revives debate over gun age requirement". http://uk.businessinsider.com/ap-florida-shooting-revives-debate-over-gun-age-requirement-2018-2. 
  102. ↑ Multiple sources:
  103. ↑ The Los Angeles Times identified five shootings including the Orlando nightclub shooting. Early reports on that shooting identified the rifle as an AR-15. Later reports noted that the rifle was a SIG MCX.
  104. ↑ Pearce, Matt (February 14, 2018). "Mass shootings are getting deadlier. And the latest ones all have something new in common: The AR-15". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-ar-15-story.html. "in all of the latest incidents...the attackers primarily used AR-15 semiautomatic rifles." 
  105. ↑ "Why the AR-15 keeps appearing at America's deadliest mass shootings". https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/02/14/ar-15-mass-shootings/339519002/. 
  106. ↑ Shapiro, Emily (February 14, 2018). "At least 17 dead in 'horrific' Florida school shooting, suspect had 'countless magazines'". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/17-dead-horrific-florida-school-shooting-suspect-custody/story?id=53087462. 
  107. ↑ Barned-Smith, St. John (May 25, 2022). "Uvalde teen gunman bought AR-15 style rifle day after he turned 18". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230519195843/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/uvalde-school-shooting-guns-17196715.php. 
  108. ↑ Despart, Zach (March 20, 2023). "'He has a battle rifle': Police feared Uvalde gunman's AR-15". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230531165913/https://www.texastribune.org/2023/03/20/uvalde-shooting-police-ar-15/. Retrieved March 26, 2023. 
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  112. ↑ Schuppe & Wu, Jon & Jiachuan (May 14, 2023). "What makes the AR-15 so beloved and so reviled". NBC news. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230531160241/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ar-15-rifle-mass-shootings-semiautomatic-weapon-rcna84193. 
  113. ↑ Oakes, Dan (January 23, 2013). "Assault guns made here" (in en). https://www.smh.com.au/national/assault-guns-made-here-20130123-2d7jx.html. 
  114. ↑ "Firearms in Australia: a guide to electronic resources". Commonwealth of Australia. August 9, 2007. http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/0708/FirearmsAustralia. 
  115. ↑ "How Australia Passed Gun Control: The Port Arthur Massacre and Beyond". October 13, 2017. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/australia/2017-10-13/how-australia-passed-gun-control. 
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Further reading

  • Stevens, R. Blake and Edward C. Ezell (1994). The Black Rifle M16 Retrospective. Ontario, Canada: Collector Grade Publications. ISBN:0889351155
  • Bartocci, Christopher R. (2004). Black Rifle II The M16 Into the 21st Century. Ontario, Canada: Collector Grade Publications. ISBN:0889353484



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