Earth:Giant's Causeway

From HandWiki
Revision as of 00:13, 16 March 2024 by JStaso (talk | contribs) (simplify)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Short description: Interlocking basalt columns in Northern Ireland


Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast
Native names
Irish: Clochán an Aifir/Clochán na bhFomhórach[1]
Ulster Scots: Tha Giant's Causey[2]
Causeway-code poet-4.jpg
The Giant's Causeway
LocationCounty Antrim, Northern Ireland
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 55°14′27″N 6°30′42″W / 55.24083°N 6.51167°W / 55.24083; -6.51167
Official nameThe Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast
TypeNatural
Criteria(vii), (viii)
Designated1986 (10th session)
Reference no.369
RegionEurope
Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 522: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Northern Ireland" does not exist.

The Giant's Causeway (Irish: Clochán an Aifir)[1] is an area of about 40,000 interlocking basalt columns, the result of an ancient volcanic fissure eruption.[3][4] It is located in County Antrim on the north coast of Northern Ireland, about three miles (4.8 km) northeast of the town of Bushmills.

It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 and a national nature reserve by the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland in 1987. In a 2005 poll of Radio Times readers, the Giant's Causeway was named the fourth-greatest natural wonder in the United Kingdom .[5]

The tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. Most of the columns are hexagonal, although some have four, five, seven, or eight sides.[6] The tallest are about 12 metres (39 ft) high, and the solidified lava in the cliffs is 28 metres (92 ft) thick in places.

Much of the Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast World Heritage Site is owned and managed by the National Trust. It is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Northern Ireland,[7] receiving over 998,000 visitors in 2019.[8] Access to the Giant's Causeway is free of charge: it is not necessary to go via the visitor centre, which charges a fee.[9] The remainder of the site is owned by the Crown Estate and several private landowners.

Geology

Around 50 to 60 million years ago,[3] during the Paleocene Epoch, Antrim was subject to intense volcanic activity, when highly fluid molten basalt intruded through chalk beds to form an extensive volcanic plateau. As the lava cooled, contraction occurred. Horizontal contraction fractured in a similar way to drying mud, with the cracks propagating down as the mass cooled, leaving pillarlike structures, which also fractured horizontally into "biscuits". In many cases, the horizontal fracture resulted in a bottom face that is convex, while the upper face of the lower segment is concave, producing what are called "ball and socket" joints. The size of the columns was primarily determined by the speed at which lava cooled.[10] The extensive fracture network produced the distinctive columns seen today. The basalts were originally part of a great volcanic plateau called the Thulean Plateau, which formed during the Paleocene.[11]

Geological heritage site

In respect of its key role in the development of volcanology as a geoscience discipline, and notably the origin of basalt, the Palaeocene rocks of the Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast were included by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) in its assemblage of 100 "geological heritage sites" around the world in a listing published in October 2022.[12]

Legend

Engraving of Susanna Drury's A View of the Giant's Causeway: East Prospect, 1768

According to legend, the columns are the remains of a causeway built by a giant. The story goes that the Irish giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn MacCool), from the Fenian Cycle of Gaelic mythology, was challenged to a fight by the Scottish giant Benandonner. Fionn accepted the challenge and built the causeway across the North Channel so that the two could meet. In one version of the story, Fionn defeats Benandonner.[13] In another, Fionn hides from Benandonner when he realises that his foe is much bigger than he is. Fionn's wife, Sadhbh, disguises Fionn as a baby and tucks him in a cradle. When Benandonner sees the size of the "baby", he reckons that its father, Fionn, must be a giant among giants. He flees back to Scotland in fright, destroying the causeway behind him so that Fionn would be unable to chase him down.[14] Across the sea, there are identical basalt columns (a part of the same ancient lava flow) at Fingal's Cave on the Scottish isle of Staffa, and it is possible that the story was influenced by this.[15]

Overall, in Irish mythology, Fionn mac Cumhaill is not a giant but a hero with supernatural abilities, contrary to what this particular legend may suggest. In Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry (1888), it is noted that, over time, "the pagan gods of Ireland [...] grew smaller and smaller in the popular imagination until they turned into the fairies; the pagan heroes grew bigger and bigger until they turned into the giants".[16] There are no surviving pre-Christian stories about the Giant's Causeway, but it may have originally been associated with the Fomorians (Fomhóraigh);[17] the Irish name Clochán na bhFomhóraigh or Clochán na bhFomhórach means "stepping stones of the Fomhóraigh". The Fomhóraigh are a race of mythological beings in Irish mythology who were sometimes described as giants and who may have originally been part of a pre-Christian pantheon.[18]

Letitia Elizabeth Landon comments on these mythological associations in her notes to Wikisource-logo.svg The Giant's Causeway., a poetical illustration to a painting by Thomas Mann Baynes.[19]

Tourism

Red basaltic prisms

The Bishop of Derry visited the site in 1692. The existence of the causeway was announced to the wider world the following year by the presentation of a paper to the Royal Society from Sir Richard Bulkeley, a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. The Giant's Causeway received international attention when Dublin artist Susanna Drury made watercolour paintings of it in 1739; they won Drury the first award presented by the Royal Dublin Society in 1740 and were engraved in 1743.[20] In 1765, an entry on the causeway appeared in volume 12 of the French Encyclopédie, which was informed by the engravings of Drury's work; the engraving of the "East Prospect" appeared in a 1768 volume of plates published for the Encyclopédie.[21] In the caption to the plates, French geologist Nicolas Desmarest suggested, for the first time in print, that such structures were volcanic in origin.

The site first became popular with tourists during the 19th century, particularly after the opening of the Giant's Causeway Tramway, and only after the National Trust took over its care in the 1960s were some of the vestiges of commercialism removed. Visitors can walk over the basalt columns that are at the edge of the sea, a half-mile walk from the entrance of the site.[citation needed]

Visitor centre

Giant's Causeway at sunset

The causeway was without a permanent visitor centre between 2000 and 2012, as the previous building, built in 1986, burned down in 2000.[22] While preliminary approval was given for a publicly funded (but privately managed) development by then Environment Minister and DUP member Arlene Foster in 2007,[23] the public funding was frozen due to a perceived conflict-of-interest between the proposed private developer and the DUP.[24][25] Ultimately, the private developer dropped a legal challenge to the publicly funded plan,[26] and the new visitor centre was officially opened by 2012.[27] Its construction was funded by the National Trust, the Northern Ireland Tourist Board, the Heritage Lottery Fund and public donations.[28] Since opening, the new visitor centre has garnered mixed reviews from those visiting the causeway, for its pricing, design, contents and placement across the causeway walk descent.[29] In 2018, the visitor centre was visited by 1,011,473 people.[30]

There was some controversy regarding the content of some exhibits in the visitor centre, which refer to the Young Earth Creationist view of the age of the Earth.[31][32] While these inclusions were welcomed by the chairman of the Northern Irish evangelical group, the Caleb Foundation,[33] the National Trust stated that the inclusions formed only a small part of the exhibition and that the Trust "fully supports the scientific explanation for the creation of the stones 60 million years ago."[34] An online campaign to remove creationist material was launched in 2012, and following this, the Trust carried out a review and concluded that they should be amended to have the scientific explanation on the causeway's origin as their primary emphasis. Creationist explanations are still mentioned but presented as a traditional belief of some religious communities rather than a competing explanation for the causeway's origins.[35]

Notable features

Some of the structures in the area, having been subject to several million years of weathering, resemble objects, such as the Organ and Giant's Boot structures. Other features include many reddish, weathered low columns known as Giant's Eyes, created by the displacement of basalt boulders; the Shepherd's Steps; the Honeycomb; the Giant's Harp; the Chimney Stacks; the Giant's Gate and the Camel's Hump.[36]

  • The Giant's Boot

  • Basalt columns

  • The Chimney Stacks

Flora and fauna

The area is a haven for seabirds, such as fulmar, petrel, cormorant, shag, redshank, guillemot and razorbill, while the weathered rock formations host numerous plant types, including sea spleenwort, hare's-foot trefoil, vernal squill, sea fescue and frog orchid. A stromatolite colony was reportedly found at the Giant's Causeway in October 2011 – an unusual find, as stromatolites are more commonly found in warmer waters with higher saline content than that found at the causeway.[37]

Similar structures

Main page: Earth:List of places with columnar jointed volcanics

Basalt columns are a common volcanic feature, and they occur on many scales and with some variations in formation.[38]

Transport access

The Belfast-Derry railway line run by Northern Ireland Railways connects to Coleraine and along the Coleraine-Portrush branch line to Portrush. Locally, Ulsterbus provides connections to the railway stations. There is a scenic walk of 7 miles (11 km) from Portrush alongside Dunluce Castle and the Giant's Causeway and Bushmills Railway.[citation needed]

See also

  • List of tourist attractions in Ireland

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Clochán an Aifir / Giant's Causeway – Placenames Database of Ireland". Placenames Commission. http://www.logainm.ie/en/118031. 
  2. ↑ "The Crack: Yin giant step for mankind" The News Letter. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/369. 
  4. ↑ Jack Challoner; John Farndon; Rodney Walshaw (2004). Rocks, Minerals and the Changing Earth. Southwater. p. 19. ISBN 9781842159750. https://books.google.com/books?id=OCPpuYTH83cC&q=giants+causeway+interlocking. 
  5. ↑ "Caves win 'natural wonder' vote". BBC, 2 August 2005. Retrieved 10 December 2006.
  6. ↑ Meng, Qingxiang; Yan, Long; Chen, Yulong; Zhang, Qiang (9 November 2018). "Generation of numerical models of anisotropic columnar jointed rock mass using modified centroidal Voronoi diagrams". Symmetry 10 (11): 618. doi:10.3390/sym10110618. Bibcode: 2018Symm...10..618M. 
  7. ↑ "Giant's Causeway remains Northern Ireland's Top Attraction" (Press release). Northern Ireland Tourist Board. 18 August 2008. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
  8. ↑ "Visits Made in 2022 to Visitor Attractions in Membership with ALVA". Association of Leading Visitor Attractions. https://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423. 
  9. ↑ "Giant's Causeway: Public right of way to be protected". BBC News. 14 March 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-43385000. 
  10. ↑ "University of Toronto (2008, December 25). Mystery of Hexagonal Column Formations". https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081216104325.htm. 
  11. ↑ Geoffroy, Laurent; Bergerat, Françoise; Angelier, Jacques (September 1996). "Brittle tectonism in relation to the Palaeogene evolution of the Thulean/NE Atlantic domain: a study in Ulster". Geological Journal 31 (3): 259–269. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1034(199609)31:3<259::AID-GJ711>3.0.CO;2-8. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/61005289/ABSTRACT. Retrieved 10 November 2007. 
  12. ↑ "The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites". IUGS. https://iugs-geoheritage.org/videos-pdfs/iugs_first_100_book_v2.pdf. 
  13. ↑ "The Giant's Causeway". The Dublin Penny Journal, issue 5 (1832), p.33
  14. ↑ Jones, Richard. Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland. New Holland Publishers, 2006. p.131
  15. ↑ Formation of basalt columns / pseudocrystals
  16. ↑ "Giants". Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry (1888). Sacred-Texts.com.
  17. ↑ Lyle, Paul. Between Rocks and Hard Places: Discovering Ireland's Northern Landscapes. The Stationery Office, 2010. p.3
  18. ↑ Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p.198
  19. ↑ Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1831). Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832. Fisher, Son & Co.. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PT88. Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1831). Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832. Fisher, Son & Co.. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PT91. 
  20. ↑ Arnold, Bruce (2002). Irish Art: A Concise History. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 62. ISBN 0-500-20148-X. 
  21. ↑ "Susanna Drury, the Causeway, and the Encyclopédie, 1768" . Lindahall.org. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  22. ↑ "Investigation into Causeway blaze". BBC News. 30 April 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/731267.stm. 
  23. ↑ "Developer set to get Causeway nod". BBC News. 10 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6987303.stm. 
  24. ↑ "Developer's DUP link "no bearing"". BBC News. 11 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6989808.stm. 
  25. ↑ "Causeway must be public ; council". BBC News. 12 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6990569.stm. 
  26. ↑ "Developer ends Causeway challenge". BBC News. May 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8057342.stm. 
  27. ↑ Maguire, Anna (5 July 2012). "Causeway visitors' centre: A giant leap forward?". Belfast Telegraph. http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/causeway-visitors-centre-a-giant-leap-forward-16180933.html. 
  28. ↑ "Giants Causeway gets £9m tourist board grant". BBC. 22 March 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8579615.stm. 
  29. ↑ "Giants Causeway Visitor Centre Reviews, Trip Advisor". Trip Advisor. 15 September 2012. http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g209948-d2281662-Reviews-Giant_s_Causeway_Visitor_Centre-Bushmills_County_Antrim_Northern_Ireland.html. 
  30. ↑ "ALVA – Association of Leading Visitor Attractions". http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423. 
  31. ↑ "National Trust in Giant's Causeway creationism row". The Independent. 5 July 2012. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/national-trust-in-giants-causeway-creationism-row-7917687.html. 
  32. ↑ "Causeway centre gives creationist view". U TV. 4 July 2012. http://www.u.tv/News/Causeway-centre-gives-creationist-view/530750a4-b3bb-4c0e-baf1-4cc65e7e6652. 
  33. ↑ "Online group calls for removal of creationist exhibit at Giant's Causeway". BBC Northern Ireland. 5 July 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-18728703. 
  34. ↑ "Trust in Causeway creationism row". Irish Independent. 5 July 2012. http://www.independent.ie/breaking-news/national-news/trust-in-causeway-creationism-row-3160230.html. 
  35. ↑ "Trust amends Causeway centre "Creationist" exhibit". BBC News. 3 October 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-19814284. 
  36. ↑ "Giants Causeway, Northern Ireland". https://www.great-britain.co.uk/world-heritage/giants-causeway.htm#:~:text=After%20eons%20of%20weathering%2C%20clumps%20of%20rock%20have%20been%20given%20names%20to%20describe%20what%20they%20look%20like%20%2D%20the%20Organ%2C%20Giant%27s%20Boot%2C%20Giants%20Eyes%2C%20the%20Shepherd%27s%20Steps%3B%20the%20Honeycomb%3B%20the%20Giant%27s%20Harp%3B%20the%20Chimney%20Stacks%3B%20the%20Giant%27s%20Gate%20and%20the%20Camel%27s%20Hump.. 
  37. ↑ Stromatolite colony found in Giant's Causeway, BBC News. 14 October 2011.
  38. ↑ Neukirchen, Florian (2022). The Formation of Mountains. Springer International. pp. 17, 18. ISBN 9783031113857. "Basalt columns are formed when lava that has already solidified cools down [..] The most famous location is certainly Giant's Causeway on the coast of Northern Ireland. But there are also occurrences [in Scotland, Iceland, USA, etc]" 

Further reading

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Earth:Giant%27s_Causeway&oldid=3718406"