Social:Albanian Gandhism
Albanian Gandhism or Rugovaism (Alb. Gandismi Shqiptare) was a pacifist political movement and strategy adopted in Kosovo started by Ibrahim Rugova with the goal of attaining peace and independence before prior to military aggression in Kosovo. According to Shkëlzen Maliqi, author of Albanski Gandhism,[1] the movement surprised the both Serbian officials and the Albanians.[2][3] The movement began slowly in the 1990s aimed against constitutional changes.[4] The idea was initiated by Ibrahim Rugova after Kosovos proclamation of independence.[5] However the movement began to disappoint Albanians as it didn't bear the fruit which they hoped for, and so, it was abandoned.[6] Rugova was critical of the Albanian resistance movement as he believed it was dangerous for civilians to venture out on the streets without the danger of being abused.[7] Rugova emphasised a culture and policy of waiting. In 1997, Rugovas gandhism was criticised by the LDK-party and others, and the government in Tirana began holding meetings with Rugovas opposition parties.[8] The idea of Albanian gandhism was favoured by Adem Demaçi who encouraged conversation with Belgrade.[9] Though Demaci did not hesitate to defend and political national interests of the Albanians.[10] The movements aim was to change the previous Albanian culture to act in a way favourable to the international community on a local and international level.[11]
References
- ↑ Shkelzen Maliqi. http://shkelzenmaliqi.com/info/. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ↑ Cohen, Lenard J. (2001) (in en). Serpent in the Bosom: The Rise and Fall of Slobodan Milošević. Westview Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-8133-2902-4. https://books.google.se/books?hl=sv&id=i9UYAQAAMAAJ&dq=Ghandism&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Ghandism. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ↑ Flere, Sergej; Klanjšek, Rudi (2019) (in en). The Rise and Fall of Socialist Yugoslavia: Elite Nationalism and the Collapse of a Federation. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4985-4197-8. https://books.google.se/books?id=KnetDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=Albanian+Ghandism&source=bl&ots=PH0EDg11bk&sig=ACfU3U1nTSK8jdkFm34V-4cvOdRJoHW4xw&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiK7symhuDmAhUy4KYKHdJsAnEQ6AEwAHoECAUQAQ#v=snippet&q=Ghandism&f=false. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ↑ Gëzim, Krasniqi (2014). Nationalist Movement as an Arena of Political Struggle: The Case of Kosovo. Doctor of Philosophy University of Edinburgh 2014. p. 135. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f22e/1d5bd720b93a1c7189066f773709246e5fe3.pdf. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ↑ Kola, Paulin (2003) (in en). The Search for Greater Albania. Hurst & Company. p. 319. ISBN 978-1-85065-664-7. https://books.google.se/books?id=nAANq88bBH8C&pg=PA319&lpg=PA319&dq=Albanian+Gandism&source=bl&ots=cyrxCxI90e&sig=ACfU3U1765A47yCfrwVpUSZ5sDSMOo4GoA&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmn4XnhuDmAhXPb5oKHZ_7CPIQ6AEwAXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandhism&f=false. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ↑ Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Zidas (2004) (in en). Understanding the War in Kosovo. Routledge. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-135-76155-4. https://books.google.se/books?id=6OiQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302&lpg=PA302&dq=Albanian+Gandism&source=bl&ots=v1reH3u9HP&sig=ACfU3U35Gl5lHUOuhizOIUaBZWMbN8YwSQ&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmn4XnhuDmAhXPb5oKHZ_7CPIQ6AEwAnoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=gandhism&f=false. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ↑ Hudson, Robert; Bowman, Glenn (2011) (in en). After Yugoslavia: Identities and Politics Within the Successor States. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-230-20131-6. https://books.google.se/books?id=wkQ3I6GyClEC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=Albanian+Gandism&source=bl&ots=Bnu2DSiE2o&sig=ACfU3U27fOqwtLQiFImmc5N782oB80um-A&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmn4XnhuDmAhXPb5oKHZ_7CPIQ6AEwBHoECAoQAQ#v=snippet&q=Gandhian&f=false. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ↑ Barjaba, Dr. Kosta (1998). FINAL REPORT of the research project ALBANIA IN TRANSITION: ELITE’S ROLE AND PERSPECTIVE carried out during September 1996 - June 1998 by Dr. Kosta Barjaba NATO scholarship holder (individual), 1996-1998.. Tirana. https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/barjaba.pdf. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ↑ Pal, Amitabh (2011) (in en). "Islam" Means Peace: Understanding the Muslim Principle of Nonviolence Today. ABC-CLIO. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-313-38290-1. https://books.google.se/books?id=UF79Qxid7YkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=Albanian+Gandism&source=bl&ots=g3Kgrj9y2f&sig=ACfU3U0kgUftaWJCcH3dW3vejpxrViVzRg&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmn4XnhuDmAhXPb5oKHZ_7CPIQ6AEwCHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandhism&f=false. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ↑ 1997/01/18 23:04 KOSOVO AWAITING DENOUEMENT OF THE SERBIAN CRISIS. 1997. http://www.aimpress.ch/dyn/trae/archive/data/199701/70118-001-trae-pri.htm. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ↑ Gorani, Dukagjin (2012). Orientalist Ethnonationalism: From Irredentism to Independentism Discourse analysis of the Albanian ethnonationalist narrative about the National Rebirth (1870-1930) and Kosovo Independence (1980-2000). Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies Cardiff University. p. 227. https://orca.cf.ac.uk/24085/1/2012goranigphd.pdf.pdf. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
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