Philosophy:Upekkha
| Translations of Upekkha | |
|---|---|
| English | Equanimity |
| Sanskrit | उपेक्षा (upekṣā) |
| Pali | उपेक्खा (upekkhā) |
| Japanese | 捨 (rōmaji: Sha) |
| Khmer | ឧបេក្ខា (Upekkha) |
| Vietnamese | xả |
| Glossary of Buddhism | |
Upekkhā (in Pali: upekkhā उपेक्खा; Sanskrit: upekṣā उपेक्षा), is the Buddhist concept of equanimity. As one of the Brahma Vihara (meditative states), it is a pure mental state cultivated on the Buddhist path to nirvāna.
Pali literary contexts
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Several passages in the Pali Canon and post-canonical commentary identify upekkha as an important aspect of spiritual development. It is one of the Four Sublime States (brahmavihara), which are purifying mental states capable of counteracting the defilements of lust, aversion and ignorance. As a brahmavihara, it is also one of the forty traditionally identified subjects of Buddhist meditation (kammatthana). In the Theravada list of ten paramita (perfections), upekkha is the last-identified bodhisattva practice, and in the Seven Factors of Enlightenment (bojjhanga), it is the ultimate characteristic to develop.
To practice upekkha is to be unwavering or to stay neutral in the face of the eight vicissitudes of life—which are otherwise known as the eight worldly winds or eight worldly conditions: loss and gain, good-repute and ill-repute, praise and censure, and sorrow and happiness (the Attha Loka Dhamma).[1]
The "far enemy" of Upekkha is greed and resentment, mind-states in obvious opposition. The "near enemy" (the quality which superficially resembles upekkha but which subtly opposes it), is indifference or apathy.[2]
In the development of meditative concentration, upekkha arises as the quintessential factor of material absorption, present in the third and fourth jhana states:
| Rupajhāna | ||||
| First jhāna | Second jhana | Third jhana | Fourth jhana | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kāma / Akusala dhamma (sensuality / unskillful qualities)
|
secluded from; withdrawn |
Does not occur | Does not occur | Does not occur |
| Vitakka (applied thought)
|
accompanies jhāna |
unification of awareness free from vitakka and vicāra |
Does not occur | Does not occur |
| Vicāra (sustained thought)
| ||||
| Pīti (rapture)
|
seclusion-born; pervades body |
samādhi-born; pervades body |
fades away (along with distress) |
Does not occur |
| Sukha (non-sensual pleasure)
|
pervades physical body |
abandoned (no pleasure nor pain) | ||
| Upekkhāsatipārisuddhi (pure, mindful equanimity)
|
Does not occur | internal confidence | equanimous; mindful |
purity of equanimity and mindfulness |
| Sources: [3][4][5] | ||||
Contemporary exposition
American Buddhist monk Bhikkhu Bodhi wrote:
- “The real meaning of upekkha is equanimity, not indifference in the sense of unconcern for others. As a spiritual virtue, upekkha means stability in the face of the fluctuations of worldly fortune. It is evenness of mind, unshakeable freedom of mind, a state of inner equipoise that cannot be upset by gain and loss, honor and dishonor, praise and blame, pleasure and pain. Upekkha is freedom from all points of self-reference; it is indifference only to the demands of the ego-self with its craving for pleasure and position, not to the well-being of one's fellow human beings. True equanimity is the pinnacle of the four social attitudes that the Buddhist texts call the 'divine abodes': boundless loving-kindness, compassion, altruistic joy, and equanimity. The last does not override and negate the preceding three, but perfects and consummates them.”[6]
See also
References
- ↑ Thera, Piyadassi (30 November 2013). "The Seven Factors of Enlightenment". Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/piyadassi/wheel001.html.
- ↑ Buddhaghosa, Bhadantácariya (2010). Vishudimagga: The Path of Purification (4th ed.). Section 2.101. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanamoli/PathofPurification2011.pdf.[pages needed]
- ↑ Bodhi, Bhikku (2005). In the Buddha's Words. Somerville: Wisdom Publications. pp. 296–8 (SN 28:1-9). ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9.
- ↑ "Suttantapiñake Aïguttaranikàyo § 5.1.3.8" (in Pali). http://mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara3/5-pancakanipata/003-pancangikavaggo-p.html.
- ↑ Bhikku, Thanissaro (1997). "Samadhanga Sutta: The Factors of Concentration (AN 5.28)". http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an05/an05.028.than.html.
- ↑ Bodhi, Bhikkhu (5 June 2010). "Toward a Threshold of Understanding". Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/bps-essay_30.html.
ko:불교 용어/ㅅ#사
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