Biology:Cebrennus rechenbergi
| Cebrennus rechenbergi | |
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| Cebrennus rechenbergi in action | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Sparassidae |
| Genus: | Cebrennus |
| Species: | C. rechenbergi
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| Binomial name | |
| Cebrennus rechenbergi Peter Jäger, 2014
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| Map of Morocco with the Errachidia Province in dark red, the region where Cebrennus rechenbergi lives | |
Cebrennus rechenbergi, also known as the Moroccan flic-flac spider and cartwheeling spider,[1] is a species of huntsman spider indigenous to the sand dunes of the Erg Chebbi desert in Morocco. If provoked or threatened it can escape by doubling its normal walking speed using forward or backward flips similar to acrobatic flic-flac movements used by gymnasts.[2][3] C. rechenbergi is the only spider known to use this unique form of rolling locomotion.[4] The discovery of the Moroccan flic-flac spider has influenced biomimetic robot research, resulting in the development of an experimental robot based on the spider's motion.[5][6]
Etymology
The spider is named after its discoverer, Ingo Rechenberg, bionics professor at the Technische Universität Berlin. Rechenberg may have first encountered the spider on a trip to Morocco as early as 2006, but it was not until 2008 that he collected the first specimen.[7][6][3] It was initially confused with the Tunisian spider Cebrennus villosus, but later identified as a separate species by Peter Jäger of the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.[3][4] After observing small variations in the genitalia of the two species and noticing the distinctive flic-flac motion of the spider, Jäger confirmed its status as a new species.[4][3] The holotype is dated 15 July 2009.[5]
Description
Jäger describes C. rechenbergi as a medium-sized huntsman spider. Male bodies measure 13.8 to 19.0 mm (0.54 to 0.75 in) long; female bodies measure 19 to 19.5 mm (0.75 to 0.77 in) long. Males and females are similarly colored white with black scopulae on their ventral legs, and yellow coloring on their dorsal opisthosoma and femora.[5]
Behavior
File:Cebrennus rechenbergi.webm
The Moroccan flic-flac spider is nocturnal and is known to feed on moths before sunrise.[6] It spends the hot desert days in its cool burrow in the sand protected from the sun and predators. The spider creates its dwelling with its pedipalps (feelers) and bristles, forming long, vertical tubes out of sand and silk.[2][4][6] Using a series of rapid, acrobatic flic-flac movements of its legs similar to those used by gymnasts, the spider is able to actively propel itself off the ground, allowing it to move both down and uphill, even at a 40 percent incline.[6] This behavior is different than other huntsman spiders, such as Carparachne aureoflava from the Namib Desert, which uses passive cartwheeling as a form of locomotion.[4] The flic-flac spider can reach speeds of up to 2 m/s using forward or back flips to evade threats.[2][3]
Distribution
C. rechenbergi lives in the sand dunes of the Erg Chebbi desert located in Errachidia Province in southeastern Morocco near the border with Algeria.[5] It is one of 17 species in the genus Cebrennus, typically found in Northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.[5][8]
Spider robot
Rechenberg's discovery of the flic-flac spider inspired the development of a biomimetic robot based on the rolling spider locomotion. The design process initially involved at least four generations, with the fourth using six legs in three pairs.[6][Note 1] Rechenberg named the working machine model Tabbot, based on the Berber word "tabacha", meaning spider. The model, which is approximately 25 cm in length, can both walk in the sand and turn somersaults to move.[4] Rechenberg envisions possible uses for the robot "in agriculture, on the ocean floor, or even on Mars".[4][9]
Notes
- ↑ When King 2013 published his work on Rechenberg's robot design, Cebrennus rechenbergi had not yet been differentiated from Cebrennus villosus as a new species. King makes a note of this, writing that any future taxonomic changes were beyond the scope of the book.
References
- ↑ Goldstein, Jack (3 September 2014) (in en). 101 Amazing Facts about Spiders: ...and other arachnids. Andrews UK Limited. p. 16. ISBN 9781783339396.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Prostak, Sergio (May 6, 2014). "Cebrennus rechenbergi: Cartwheeling Spider Discovered in Morocco". Sci-News.com. http://www.sci-news.com/biology/science-cebrennus-rechenbergi-spider-morocco-01903.html. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 N. BHANOO, SINDYA (May 4, 2014). "A Desert Spider With Astonishing Moves". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/06/science/a-desert-spider-with-astonishing-moves.html?_r=0. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Bröhl, Ilona; Judith Jördens (28 April 2014). "THE MOROCCAN FLIC-FLAC SPIDER: A GYMNAST AMONG THE ARACHNIDS". Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung. http://www.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=5210&year=2014&kid=2&id=3095. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Jäger, Peter (April 2014). Cebrennus Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Sparassidae): a revisionary up-date with the description of four new species and an updated identification key for all species. Zootaxa, 3790 (2): 339–350. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3790.2.4
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 King, R.S. (2013). BiLBIQ: A Biologically Inspired Robot with Walking and Rolling Locomotion. Biosystems and Biorobotics. 2. Springer, Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN:978-3-642-34681-1 doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34682-8
- ↑ Im Gespräch: Ingo Rechenberg über eine neu entdeckte Art Rollende Spinnen für den Mars. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, p. 7. January 10, 2009.
- ↑ Platnick, Norman I. (2014). Fam. Sparassidae. The World Spider Catalog, Version 14.5. New York, NY, US: American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.iz.0001 Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ↑ Hays, Brooks (6 May 2014). Robot mimics cartwheel movement of desert spider. United Press International. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
External links
- Photographs and video, Technical University Berlin
- Ingo Rechenberg demonstrating C. rechenbergi movements
- Video Cebrennus rechenbergi – the flic-flac spider
- Video of Tabbot
Wikidata ☰ Q16735951 entry
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