Biology:Araneomorphae
| Araneomorph spiders | |
|---|---|
| |
| Nephila inaurata (Nephilidae) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Suborder: | Opisthothelae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Subdivisions | |
| |
| Diversity | |
| 95 families | |
The Araneomorphae (also called the Labidognatha) are an infraorder of spiders. They are distinguishable by chelicerae (fangs) that point diagonally forward and cross in a pinching action, in contrast to the Mygalomorphae (tarantulas and their close kin), where they point straight down. Araneomorphs comprise the vast majority (about 93%[1]) of living spiders.
Distinguishing characteristics
Most of spider species are Araneomorphae, which have fangs that face towards each other, increasing the orientations they can employ during prey capture. They have fewer, usually one pair of book lungs (when present), and the females typically live one year.
The Mygalomorphae have fangs that face towards the ground, and which are parallel to the long axis of the spider's body, thus they have only one orientation they can employ during prey capture. They have two pairs of book lungs, and the females often live many years.[2]
This Atrax robustus shows the orientation of Myglamorphae fangs.
This Cheiracanthium punctorium shows the orientation of Araneomorphae fangs.
Spiders included
Almost all of the familiar spiders are included in the Araneomorphae group, one major exception being the tarantulas. There are a few other Mygalomorphae species that live around homes or gardens, but they typically are relatively small and not easily noticed.
The Araneomorphae, to the contrary, include the weavers of spiral webs; the cobweb spiders that live in the corners of rooms, and between windows and screens; the crab spiders that lurk on the surfaces of flowers in gardens; the jumping spiders that are visible hunting on surfaces; the wolf spiders that carpet hunting sites in sunny spots; and the large huntsman spiders.
Systematics
In older schemes, the Araneomorphae were divided into two lineages, the Hypochilae (containing only the family Hypochilidae), and the Neocribellatae. The Neocribellatae were in turn divided into the Austrochiloidea, and the two series Haplogynae and Entelogynae, each containing several superfamilies. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the haplogynes in particular are not a monophyletic group. A 2020 study suggested the relationships among the major groups were as shown in the following cladogram.[3]
| Araneomorphae |
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The blue bar to the right shows the former Haplogynae in the sense of Coddington (2005).[4]
Table of families
| Genera | 1 | ≥2 | ≥10 | ≥100 |
| Species | 1–9 | ≥10 | ≥100 | ≥1000 |
| Family | Genera | Species | Common name | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agelenidae | 90 | 1366 | araneomorph funnel-web spiders | Hobo spider |
| Amaurobiidae | 50 | 283 | tangled nest spiders | Callobius claustrarius' |
| Anapidae | 58 | 232 | ||
| Anyphaenidae | 58 | 614 | anyphaenid sac spiders | Yellow ghost spider |
| Araneidae | 184 | 3097 | orb-weaver spiders | Zygiella x-notata |
| Archaeidae | 6 | 90 | pelican spiders | Madagascarchaea gracilicollis |
| Archoleptonetidae | 2 | 8 | Archoleptoneta gertschi | |
| Arkyidae | 2 | 38 | ||
| Austrochilidae | 2 | 9 | Tasmanian cave spider | |
| Caponiidae | 20 | 139 | Diploglena capensis | |
| Cheiracanthiidae (syn. Eutichuridae) |
14 | 363 | Cheiracanthium mildei | |
| Cithaeronidae | 2 | 9 | ||
| Clubionidae | 19 | 662 | sac spiders | Clubiona trivialis |
| Corinnidae | 73 | 824 | dark sac spiders | Castianeira sp. |
| Ctenidae | 48 | 532 | tropical wolf spiders | Brazilian wandering spiders |
| Cyatholipidae | 23 | 58 | ||
| Cybaeidae | 21 | 303 | ||
| Cycloctenidae | 8 | 80 | ||
| Deinopidae | 3 | 67 | net-casting spiders | Rufous net-casting spider |
| Desidae | 60 | 296 | intertidal spiders | Phryganoporus candidus |
| Dictynidae | 53 | 475 | Nigma walckenaeri | |
| Diguetidae | 2 | 15 | coneweb spiders | |
| Drymusidae | 2 | 17 | false violin spiders | |
| Dysderidae | 25 | 591 | woodlouse hunter spiders | Woodlouse spider |
| Eresidae | 9 | 102 | velvet spiders | Eresus sandaliatus |
| Filistatidae | 19 | 189 | crevice weavers | Southern house spider |
| Gallieniellidae | 5 | 41 | ||
| Gnaphosidae (synonym: Ammoxenidae)[notes 2] |
145 | 2430 | flat-bellied ground spiders | Drassodes cupreus |
| Gradungulidae | 8 | 17 | large-clawed spiders | Carrai cave spider |
| Hahniidae | 24 | 353 | dwarf sheet spiders | |
| Hersiliidae | 16 | 187 | tree trunk spiders | Hersilia savignyi |
| Homalonychidae | 1 | 2 | ||
| Huttoniidae | 1 | 1 | Huttonia palpimanoides | |
| Hypochilidae | 2 | 33 | lampshade spiders | Hypochilus thorelli |
| Lamponidae | 23 | 192 | White-tailed spider | |
| Leptonetidae | 22 | 370 | Tooth cave spider | |
| Linyphiidae | 624 | 4724 | dwarf / money spiders | Linyphia triangularis |
| Liocranidae | 35 | 311 | liocranid sac spiders | |
| Lycosidae | 127 | 2452 | wolf spiders | Lycosa tarantula |
| Malkaridae | 13 | 57 | shield spiders | |
| Mecysmaucheniidae | 7 | 25 | ||
| Megadictynidae | 2 | 2 | ||
| Mimetidae | 8 | 159 | pirate spiders | Oarces reticulatus |
| Miturgidae | 29 | 141 | long-legged sac spiders | |
| Myrmecicultoridae | 1 | 1 | ||
| Mysmenidae | 14 | 158 | spurred orb-weavers | |
| Nesticidae | 18 | 285 | cave cobweb spiders | Nesticella marapu |
| Nicodamidae | 7 | 27 | ||
| Ochyroceratidae | 10 | 177 | midget ground weavers | Theotima minutissima |
| Oecobiidae | 6 | 120 | disc web spiders | Oecobius navus |
| Oonopidae | 115 | 1888 | dwarf hunting spiders | Oonops domesticus |
| Orsolobidae | 30 | 188 | ||
| Oxyopidae | 9 | 443 | lynx spiders | Green lynx spider |
| Pacullidae | 4 | 38 | ||
| Palpimanidae | 21 | 165 | palp-footed spiders | |
| Penestomidae | 1 | 9 | ||
| Periegopidae | 1 | 3 | ||
| Philodromidae | 30 | 535 | philodromid crab spiders | Philodromus dispar |
| Pholcidae | 97 | 1893 | daddy long-legs spiders | Pholcus phalangioides |
| Phrurolithidae | 20 | 313 | ||
| Physoglenidae | 13 | 72 | ||
| Phyxelididae | 14 | 68 | ||
| Pimoidae | 2 | 85 | Pimoa cthulhu | |
| Pisauridae | 51 | 353 | nursery web spiders | Pisaura mirabilis |
| Plectreuridae | 2 | 31 | ||
| Prodidomidae | 23 | 192 | ||
| Psechridae | 2 | 61 | ||
| Psilodercidae | 11 | 224 | ||
| Salticidae | 665 | 6433 | jumping spiders | Zebra spider |
| Scytodidae | 4 | 241 | spitting spiders | Scytodes thoracica |
| Segestriidae | 5 | 152 | tubeweb spiders | Segestria florentina |
| Selenopidae | 9 | 262 | wall spiders | Selenops radiatus |
| Senoculidae | 1 | 31 | ||
| Sicariidae | 3 | 172 | recluse spiders | Brown recluse |
| Sparassidae | 95 | 1337 | huntsman spiders | Avondale spider |
| Stenochilidae | 2 | 13 | ||
| Stiphidiidae | 20 | 125 | Tartarus mullamullangensis | |
| Symphytognathidae | 10 | 98 | dwarf orb-weavers | Patu digua |
| Synaphridae | 3 | 13 | ||
| Synotaxidae | 1 | 11 | ||
| Telemidae | 16 | 104 | long-legged cave spiders | |
| Tetrablemmidae | 27 | 151 | armored spiders | |
| Tetragnathidae | 46 | 982 | long jawed orb-weavers | Orchard spider |
| Theridiidae | 125 | 2538 | cobweb spiders | Redback spider |
| Theridiosomatidae | 20 | 135 | ray spiders | Theridiosoma gemmosum |
| Thomisidae | 171 | 2167 | crab spiders | Goldenrod spider |
| Titanoecidae | 5 | 56 | Goeldia obscura | |
| Toxopidae | 14 | 82 | ||
| Trachelidae | 20 | 263 | ||
| Trachycosmidae | 20 | 148 | ||
| Trechaleidae | 17 | 133 | ||
| Trochanteriidae | 6 | 51 | ||
| Trogloraptoridae | 1 | 1 | Trogloraptor marchingtoni | |
| Udubidae | 4 | 15 | ||
| Uloboridae | 19 | 291 | hackled orb-weavers | Uloborus walckenaerius |
| Viridasiidae | 3 | 14 | ||
| Xenoctenidae | 4 | 33 | ||
| Zodariidae | 89 | 1251 | ant spiders | Zodarion germanicum |
| Zoropsidae | 27 | 182 | Zoropsis spinimana |
Notes
- ↑ Unless otherwise shown, currently accepted families and counts based on the World Spider Catalog version 23.5 (As of August 2022).[5] In the World Spider Catalog, "species" counts include subspecies. Assignment to sub- and infraorders based on (Coddington 2005) (when given there).
- ↑ June 2019 data
References
Citations
- ↑ Bern, Natural History Museum. "NMBE - World Spider Catalog" (in en). http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/INTRO1.html.
- ↑ "ABOUT SPIDERS". http://www.publish.csiro.au/samples/spiders/html/SPIDERS.HTM.
- ↑ Magalhaes, Ivan L. F.; Azevedo, Guilherme H. F.; Michalik, Peter; Ramírez, Martín J. (February 2020). "The fossil record of spiders revisited: implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic" (in en). Biological Reviews 95 (1): 184–217. doi:10.1111/brv.12559. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 31713947. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337190453.
- ↑ Coddington, Jonathan A. (2005), "Phylogeny and classification of spiders", in Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P.E. et al., Spiders of North America: an identification manual, American Arachnological Society, pp. 18–24, https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4365/CoddingtonSNAPhylogeny05.pdf, retrieved 2015-09-24
- ↑ "Currently valid spider genera and species", World Spider Catalog (Natural History Museum Bern), https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/, retrieved 2022-08-08 Currently valid spider genera and species
External links
Wikidata ☰ {{{from}}} entry
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