Earth:Photoautotropic tissue culture

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Short description: Microorganism culture depending on photosynthesis rather than feeding on sugar


Photoautotrophic tissue culture is defined as "micropropagation without sugar in the culture medium, in which the growth or accumulation of carbohydrates of cultures is dependent fully upon photosynthesis and inorganic nutrient uptake".[1]

There are multiple advantages to using this form of propagation, because this system actively encourages plant growth. Namely, there are lower contamination rates due to the lack of sugar in the growing medium, and more catering to plants that aren't able to be successfully multiplied by conventional means. Many plants have trouble being propagated to due physiological or morphological inhibitions that make root formation difficult from cuttings. And after the plantlet develops in vitro, then the ex-planting process can often be very stressful and result in plant death, which isn't a problem for pre-acclimated plantlets grown via photoautotrophic tissue culture (In this context, pre-acclimated refers to plantlets that have developed a cuticle and have been cultivated in an open air system as opposed to the closed system seen in typical operations).

History and Development of Photoautotrophic tissue culture

A light-dependent reaction was observed in that a decrease in the available CO2 was found after the light switch in sealed containers used in conventional tissue culture.[2] This led to the idea that plants, even in vitro, are capable of actively producing sugars via photosynthesis and this idea was quickly tested and validated using potato and strawberry in 1988.[3]

Pros and Cons of Photoautotrophic tissue culture

Major limitations inhibit the widespread adoption of this methodology. Namely, there is a more stringent environmental maintenance that needs to be practiced. Proper ventilation, temperature regulation, CO2 concentration, and avoiding contamination are some of the hardest hurdles to overcome if resources are limiting. Generally speaking, temperature and light are already going to be standards of control practiced in micropropagation. However, ventilation and CO2 concentration become a challenge, especially while trying to maintain sterile conditions (even though if there is no sugar in the growing medium, aseptic technique is still an essential practice that is required to avoid contamination).

Current use of the Technology

As of 2016 a number of genera have been found to be well-suited to this form of micro propagation. Many researchers have adopted aspects of this type of propagation for certain projects by integrating ventilated lids or altering light intensity and sugar content in media, but only select few genera have been fully employed in a micro propagation project using this technology. They include Gerbera,[4] Dendrobium,[5] Hypericum,[6] Momordica,[7] Myrtus,[8] Canna,[9] Billbergia,[10] Neoregelia,[11] Solanum,[12] Capsicum,[13] Dioscorea,[14] Saccharum,[15] Pfaffia,[16] and Cocos.[17]

This list isn't truly comprehensive, and there are many more where this system has been employed. However these genera are subject to complete protocol establishment and have known sources in the scientific community. for the most part these systems are establishment for ease of germplasm exchange, increased production, or to test a new form of propagating a given genus.

Use of Gas-Permeable Membrane Discs and Forced Ventilation

By using permeable discs as lids, air diffusion within the culture vessel can be improved. This will in turn allow for increased carbon dioxide concentrations during 'day' periods and less water vapor in the container which encourages transpiration. These combined features have an overall effect of enhancing photosynthesis, increasing growth rate, and shortening production time.[1][18]

Using forced ventilation tubules within the culture vessels was developed after the idea of using the discs, as a way to ensure that uniform content of water vapor and carbon dioxide is within each individual container. This ensures uniform growth habit and less fringe effects.[19]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kozai, Toyoki (1991). "Photoautotrophic Micropropagation". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 27 (2): 47–51. doi:10.1007/BF02632127. 
  2. ↑ Xiao, Yulan; Niu, Genhua; Kozai, Toyoki (2010-10-23). "Development and application of photoautotrophic micropropagation plant system" (in en). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 105 (2): 149–158. doi:10.1007/s11240-010-9863-9. ISSN 0167-6857. 
  3. ↑ 和宏, 富士原; 豊樹, 古在; 一郎, 渡部 (1987-01-01). "植物組織培養器内環境の基礎的研究". 農業気象 43 (1): 21–30. doi:10.2480/agrmet.43.21. 
  4. ↑ "Liao F,Wang 2007 Response to sucrose free culture Gerbera jamesonii - Google Scholar". https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Liao+F,Wang++2007+Response+to+sucrose+free+culture+Gerbera+jamesonii&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCz4mmuvDMAhVDoD4KHYm8B4wQgQMIGjAA. 
  5. ↑ Xiao, Yulan; Zhang, Yongtai; Dang, Kang; Wang, Dongshuang (2007-06-01). "Growth and photosynthesis of Dendrobium candidum Wall. Ex Lindl. plantlets cultured photoautotrophically". Propagation of Ornamental Plants 7 (2). ISSN 1311-9109. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285928633. 
  6. ↑ Couceiro, M. A.; Afreen, F.; Zobayed, S. M. A.; Kozai, T. (2006-05-01). "Enhanced growth and quality of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum l.) under photoautotrophic in vitro conditions" (in en). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 42 (3): 278–282. doi:10.1079/IVP2006752. ISSN 1054-5476. 
  7. ↑ Zhang, Meijun; Zhao, Duanduan; Ma, Zengqiang; Li, Xuedong; Xiao, Yulan (2009-06-01). "Growth and Photosynthetic Capability of Momordica grosvenori Plantlets Grown Photoautotrophically in Response to Light Intensity" (in en). HortScience 44 (3): 757–763. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.44.3.757. ISSN 0018-5345. 
  8. ↑ Lucchesini, M.; Mensuali-Sodi, A.; Massai, R.; Gucci, R. (2001-05-31). "Development of Autotrophy and Tolerance to Acclimatization of Myrtus Communis Transplants Cultured In Vitro under Different Aeration". Biologia Plantarum 44 (2): 167–174. doi:10.1023/A:1010277403705. ISSN 0006-3134. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225895692. 
  9. ↑ Wafa, Sharifah Nurashikin; Taha, Rosna Mat; Mohajer, Sadegh; Mahmad, Noraini; Abdul, Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed (2016-01-18). "Organogenesis and Ultrastructural Features ofIn VitroGrownCanna indicaL." (in en). BioMed Research International 2016: 2820454. doi:10.1155/2016/2820454. ISSN 2314-6133. PMID 26885503. 
  10. ↑ Martins, João Paulo Rodrigues; Verdoodt, Veerle; Pasqual, Moacir; Proft, Maurice De (2015-07-11). "Impacts of photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic conditions on in vitro propagated Billbergia zebrina (Bromeliaceae)" (in en). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 123 (1): 121–132. doi:10.1007/s11240-015-0820-5. ISSN 0167-6857. 
  11. ↑ Martins, João Paulo Rodrigues; Schimildt, Edilson Romais; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira; Falqueto, Antelmo Ralph; Otoni, Wagner Campos (2015-07-22). "Chlorophyll a fluorescence and growth of Neoregelia concentrica (Bromeliaceae) during acclimatization in response to light levels" (in en). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 51 (4): 471–481. doi:10.1007/s11627-015-9711-z. ISSN 1054-5476. 
  12. ↑ Badr, Ashraf; Angers, Paul; Desjardins, Yves (2015-05-15). "Comprehensive analysis of in vitro to ex vitro transition of tissue cultured potato plantlets grown with or without sucrose using metabolic profiling technique" (in en). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 122 (2): 491–508. doi:10.1007/s11240-015-0786-3. ISSN 0167-6857. 
  13. ↑ Barrales-López, A.; Robledo-Paz, A.; Trejo, C.; Espitia-Rangel, E.; O, J. L. Rodríguez-De La (2015-02-20). "Improved in vitro rooting and acclimatization of Capsicum chinense Jacq. plantlets" (in en). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 51 (3): 274–283. doi:10.1007/s11627-015-9671-3. ISSN 1054-5476. 
  14. ↑ Aighewi, B. A.; Asiedu, R.; Maroya, N.; Balogun, M. (2015-07-02). "Improved propagation methods to raise the productivity of yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.)" (in en). Food Security 7 (4): 823–834. doi:10.1007/s12571-015-0481-6. ISSN 1876-4517. 
  15. ↑ Kaur, Ajinder; Sandhu, Jagdeep Singh (2014-09-02). "High throughput in vitro micropropagation of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) from spindle leaf roll segments: Cost analysis for agri-business industry" (in en). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 120 (1): 339–350. doi:10.1007/s11240-014-0610-5. ISSN 0167-6857. 
  16. ↑ Vasconcelos, Jaqueline Martins; Saldanha, Cleber Witt; Dias, Leonardo Lucas Carnevalli; Maldaner, Joseila; Rêgo, Mailson Monteiro; Silva, Luzimar Campos; Otoni, Wagner Campos (2014-11-06). "In vitro propagation of Brazilian ginseng [Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen] as affected by carbon sources" (in en). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 50 (6): 746–751. doi:10.1007/s11627-014-9651-z. ISSN 1054-5476. 
  17. ↑ Samosir, Yohannes M. S.; Adkins, Steve (2014-04-26). "Improving acclimatization through the photoautotrophic culture of coconut (Cocos nucifera) seedlings: an in vitro system for the efficient exchange of germplasm" (in en). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 50 (4): 493–501. doi:10.1007/s11627-014-9599-z. ISSN 1054-5476. 
  18. ↑ Paek, Cui Y.-Y. E.-J. Hahn T. Kozai and K.-Y. (2000-01-01). "Number of air exchanges, sucrose concentration, photosynthetic photon flux, and differences in photoperiod and dark period temperatures affect growth of Rehmannia glutinosa plantlets in vitro.". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 62. ISSN 0167-6857. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260223787. 
  19. ↑ Wilson, Sandra B.; Heo, Jeongwook; Kubota, Chieri; Kozai, Toyoki (2001-01-01). "A Forced Ventilation Micropropagation System for Photoautotrophic Production of Sweetpotato Plug Plantlets in a Scaled-up Culture Vessel: II. Carbohydrate Status" (in en). HortTechnology 11 (1): 95–99. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH.11.1.95. ISSN 1063-0198. http://horttech.ashspublications.org/content/11/1/95. 



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