Earth:Plastic resin pellet pollution

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Nurdles on a beach in southwest France, 2011

Plastic resin pellet pollution is a type of marine debris originating from plastic particles utilized in manufacturing large-scale plastics. These pre-production plastic pellets, commonly referred to as nurdles, are created separately from the user plastics they are melted down to form, and pellet loss is incurred during both the manufacturing and transport stages.[1] These plastics are released into the open environment, creating pollution in the oceans and on beaches.[2]

Description

A handful of nurdles, spilled from a train in Pineville, Louisiana, in the United States

Plastic resin pellets are classified as primary source microplastics, meaning that they were intentionally produced at the size ranging from 1–5 mm in diameter.[3] There are two types of microplastics: primary microplastics and secondary microplastics.[4] Primary microplastics are released directly into the environment, like microbeads and preproduction plastic pellets.[4] Secondary microplastics are created through photodegradation and weathering of larger pieces of plastic, like water bottles and fishing nets.[4]  Primary microplastics make up between 15% to 31% of marine microplastics.[4]

Marine pollution is growing due to large-scale plastic producing corporations.[4]  In general, the production of plastic is continuing to increase an average of about 8% each year and as there is more plastic produced, more litter pollution will end up in waterways.[5] Nurdles are the second largest source of microplastics in the ocean.[6] Approximately 27 million tonnes (60 billion pounds) of nurdles are manufactured annually in the United States.[7] One pound of pelletized HDPE contains approximately 25,000 nurdles (approximately 20 mg per nurdle). They are typically under 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter.[8]

A study on a polyethylene production facility in Sweden found that between 3 and 36 million of plastic pellets enter the environment from production sites every year.[9] These nurdles spill during transportation and production and due to inadequate precautions and regulations, millions of pellets of plastic end up in nearby waterways and eventually the ocean.[10]

Environmental impact

Nurdles are a major contributor to marine debris. During a three-month study of Orange County beaches researchers found them to be the most common beach contaminant.[11] Nurdles on bathing beaches in East Lothian, Scotland have been shown to be covered with E. coli and Vibrio biofilms, according to a 2019 study.[12][13]

Waterborne nurdles may either be a raw material of plastic production, or from larger chunks of plastics.[14] A major concentration of plastic may be the Great Pacific garbage patch, a growing collection of marine debris known for its high concentrations of plastic litter.

Nurdles that escape from the plastic production process into waterways or oceans have become a significant source of ocean and beach plastic pollution. Plastic pellet pollution that has been monitored in studies is mainly found in the sediments and beach areas and is usually polyethylene or polypropylene, the two main plastic polymers found in microplastic pollution.[15]

Nurdles have frequently been found in the digestive tracts of various marine creatures, causing physiological damage by leaching plasticizers such as phthalates. Nurdles can carry two types of micropollutants in the marine environment: native plastic additives and hydrophobic pollutants absorbed from seawater. For example, concentrations of PCBs and DDE on nurdles collected from Japanese coastal waters were found to be up to 1 million times higher than the levels detected in surrounding seawater.[16]

Plastic microbeads used in cosmetic exfoliating products are also found in water.

Incidents

2012

San Francisco Bay Coastal Cleanup from multiple nurdle spills.[17]

In Hong Kong, after being blown by Typhoon Vicente on 24 July 2012, some containers belonging to Chinese oil giant Sinopec which were carrying over 150 tonnes of plastic pellets were blown into the sea, washing up on southern Hong Kong coasts, such as Shek O, Cheung Chau, Ma Wan and Lamma Island. Though nurdles are not toxic or hazardous on their own according to Sinopec,[18] the spill disrupted marine life and is being credited with killing stocks of fish on fish farms.[19]

2017

A nurdle spill of about two billion nurdles (49 tons) from a shipping container in Durban Harbor required extended cleanup efforts.[20] These nurdles have also been spotted washing up on the shore in Western Australia.[21]

The Great Nurdle Hunt, which occurred June 2–5, 2017, across the United Kingdom drew attention to the issue of plastic pellet pollution. A program started by Fidra, a Scottish environmental charity, sourced information on nurdles from citizens across the region using shared photos to better understand the makeup of pollution across beaches in the UK.[22] The nurdle hunts occurring earlier in 2017 determined that 73% of UK beaches had nurdle pollution.[23]

2018

A semi-truck crash led to the release of bright blue colored nurdles into Pocono Creek and the waterways of the Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania.[24]

2020

During a thunderstorm on August 20, a 40-foot (12 m) shipping container with 25 tons of nurdles arriving from Asia fell off the CMA CGM Bianca ship into the Mississippi River in New Orleans. No official clean up took place. Hazardous material spills are in coast guard jurisdiction, but nurdles are not classified as hazardous material. The Department of Environmental Quality does not find it clear as to who is responsible for cleaning up the spill.[25]

2021

On 2 June 2021 the cargo ship X-Press Pearl sank off the coast of Sri Lanka, spilling chemicals and microplastic nurdles and causing the worst environmental disaster in the country's history.[26]

Current progress and solutions

Of the 300 million tons of plastic material produced each year, over 14 million tons end up in the ocean, and plastic production in continuing to increase.[27] Marine litter as a whole is imposing environmental threats to marine ecosystems and policy solutions are crucial to better the ocean.[28]

  • The plastic industry has responded to the increased interest and concern for plastic pellet loss and pollution sources. Operation Clean Sweep was created by SPI: The Plastics Industry Trade Association in 2001 and joined by the American Chemistry Council with the goal of zero pellet loss for plastic manufacturers.[29] This voluntary stewardship program provides its members with a manual which guides them through ways in which they can reduce pellet loss within their own facilities and provides the necessary training.[30][31] However, the program does not require companies to keep or report any data on pellet spills.[32]
  • In 2007 California passed AB 258, which established measures that preproduction plastic producing manufacturers had to follow during the production and transport of plastic pellets.[33] This preventative measure includes inspections by the Regional and State Water Board staff and enforcement of orderly production and transportation of preproduction plastic to minimize the amount of plastic resin pellets spills.[34]
  • In 2008, California passed a "nurdle law", which "specifically names pre-production plastic pellets (nurdles) as a pollutant".[35]
  • In 2015, the Microbead-Free Waters Act passed, which prohibits the manufacturing and distribution of primary plastic microbeads for cosmetic products.[36] This ban will reduce the amount of plastic pellets that end up in oceans by preventing microbead particles from being used in cosmetic care products.[36]

Actions for creating awareness

On April 11, 2013, in order to create awareness, artist Maria Cristina Finucci founded The Garbage Patch State at UNESCO[37] in Paris in front of Director General Irina Bokova. It is the first of a series of events under the patronage of UNESCO and of Italian Ministry of the Environment.[38]

The Great Nurdle Hunt is a citizen science project that maps out plastic pellet pollution globally.[39] The data collected is used to actively engage with industry and policy-makers to develop solutions to prevent further pellet pollution.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "What's resin pellet? :: International Pellet Watch" (in en). http://www.pelletwatch.org/en/what.html. 
  2. ↑ Hammer, Jort; Kraak, Michiel H. S.; Parsons, John R. (2012) (in en). Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 220. Springer, New York, NY. pp. 1–44. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3414-6_1. ISBN 9781461434139. 
  3. ↑ GESAMP (2015). "Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment" (Kershaw, P. J., ed.). (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 90, 96 p.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Kavitha, R; Akshaya, T; Aarthi, Arul (April 2020). "Microplastics and Its Impacts". International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) 07 (4): 4259–4265. https://www.irjet.net/archives/V7/i4/IRJET-V7I4819.pdf. 
  5. ↑ Turra, Alexander; Manzano, Aruanã B.; Dias, Rodolfo Jasão S.; Mahiques, Michel M.; Barbosa, Lucas; Balthazar-Silva, Danilo; Moreira, Fabiana T. (27 March 2015). "Three-dimensional distribution of plastic pellets in sandy beaches: shifting paradigms" (in en). Scientific Reports 4 (1): 4435. doi:10.1038/srep04435. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 24670631. 
  6. ↑ Kunz, Alexander; Walther, Bruno A.; Löwemark, Ludvig; Lee, Yao-Chang (2016-10-15). "Distribution and quantity of microplastic on sandy beaches along the northern coast of Taiwan" (in en). Marine Pollution Bulletin 111 (1): 126–135. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.022. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 27449830. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X16305689. 
  7. ↑ "Heal the Bay – The Pacific Protection Initiative – AB 258: Nurdles". 20 April 2008. http://healthebay.org/currentissues/ppi/bills_AB258.asp. 
  8. ↑ "What's a nurdle?". 7 November 2006. http://weblog.greenpeace.org/oceandefenders/archive/2006/11/whats_a_nurdle.html. 
  9. ↑ Karlsson, Therese M.; Arneborg, Lars; Broström, Göran; Almroth, Bethanie Carney; Gipperth, Lena; Hassellöv, Martin (10 February 2018). "The unaccountability case of plastic pellet pollution" (in en). Marine Pollution Bulletin 129 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.041. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025326X18300523. 
  10. ↑ Karlsson, Therese M.; Arneborg, Lars; Broström, Göran; Almroth, Bethanie Carney; Gipperth, Lena; Hassellöv, Martin (10 February 2018). "The unaccountability case of plastic pellet pollution" (in en). Marine Pollution Bulletin 129 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.041. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025326X18300523. 
  11. ↑ Moore, Charles (2002). "A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton abundance in southern California's coastal waters and elsewhere in the North Pacific". Algalita Marine Research Foundation. http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Ocean/Marine-Debris-Panel30oct02.htm. 
  12. ↑ Gwinnett, Claire (2019-02-17). "The major source of plastic pollution you've probably never heard of" (in en-US). https://www.fastcompany.com/90307833/the-major-source-of-plastic-pollution-youve-probably-never-heard-of. 
  13. ↑ Rodrigues, Alyssa (2019). "Colonisation of plastic pellets (nurdles) by E. coli at public bathing beaches". Marine Pollution Bulletin 139: 376–380. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.011. PMID 30686440. http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/28461/1/Nurdles_FINAL_Jan2019.pdf. Retrieved 2020-05-30. 
  14. ↑ Ayre, Maggie (7 December 2006). "Plastics 'poisoning world's seas'". BBC Online (BBC News). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6218698.stm. 
  15. ↑ GESAMP (2015). "Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment" (Kershaw, P. J., ed.). (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 90, 96 p.2007, chapter 9, ISBN:978-0-312-34729-1
  16. ↑ Mato Y: "Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment", "Environmental Science & Technology" 35(2), pages 318–324, 2001
  17. ↑ Freese, Alicia. "Nurdles a big problem in coastal cleanup" (in en-US). https://baynature.org/article/tiny-plastics-have-become-big-problem-in-coastal-cleanup/. 
  18. ↑ "Hong Kong government criticized over plastic spill on beaches". Reuters. August 5, 2012. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-spill-idUSBRE87306J20120805. 
  19. ↑ "Sinopec pledges help to clear Hong Kong plastic spill". 9 August 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/aug/09/hong-kong-plastic-spill. 
  20. ↑ "Nurdles KZN, SA. Project Duration: Long Term". http://www.coastkzn.co.za/nurdles. 
  21. ↑ "The Great Nurdle Disaster: What to do if you find nurdles". 2 November 2018. https://www.aquarium.co.za/blog/entry/the-great-nurdle-disaster-what-to-do-if-you-find-nurdles. 
  22. ↑ "The Great European Nurdle Hunt". https://www.nurdlehunt.org.uk/images/Leaflets/Results-140717.pdf. 
  23. ↑ Association, Press (2017-02-17). "Tiny plastic pellets found on 73% of UK beaches" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/17/tiny-plastic-pellets-found-on-73-of-uk-beaches. 
  24. ↑ Thompson, Carol. "Thousands of plastic pellets have spilled into waterways in Poconos: 'This is going to be extremely challenging'" (in en-US). https://www.mcall.com/news/local/mc-nws-plastic-pollution-poconos-20180403-story.html. 
  25. ↑ Baurick, Tristan. "No cleanup planned as millions of plastic pellets wash up along Mississippi River and flow to the Gulf" (in en). https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_b4fba760-e18d-11ea-9b0b-b3a2123cf48b.html. "The 1,100-foot-long ship, which flies under the flag of Malta, had traveled from China and South Korea" 
  26. ↑ "Sri Lanka faces disaster as burning ship spills chemicals on beaches" (in en). 2021-05-31. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/31/sri-lanka-faces-disaster-burning-ship-spills-chemicals-beaches. 
  27. ↑ "Marine plastic pollution" (in en). 2018-05-25. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/marine-plastic-pollution. 
  28. ↑ "Marine plastic pollution" (in en). 2018-05-25. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/marine-plastic-pollution. 
  29. ↑ "Operation Clean Sweep Celebrates 25 Years | In The Hopper: SPI's Business Blog". http://www.inthehopper.org/spi-news/operation-clean-sweep-celebrates-25-years/. 
  30. ↑ "OCS Program Manual – Operation Clean Sweep" (in en-US). Operation Clean Sweep. https://opcleansweep.org/manual/. 
  31. ↑ Entwistle, Abigail (April 11, 2018). "Why the fuss about nurdles?" (in en-us). https://phys.org/news/2018-04-fuss-nurdles.html. 
  32. ↑ Sullivan, Laura (December 22, 2020). "Gas, Oil Companies Like Chevron Phillips Have A Plastic Pellet Problem" (in en-us). https://www.npr.org/2020/12/22/946716058/big-oil-evaded-regulation-and-plastic-pellets-kept-spilling. 
  33. ↑ Maruf, M (2019). "Indonesia Response and Recent Development of Law and Policy in Addressing Marine Plastic Litter". Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 4 (2): 167–188. doi:10.15294/jils.v4i2.34757. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v4i2.34757. 
  34. ↑ "State Water Resources Control Board". https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/plasticdebris.shtml#:~:text=Assembly%20Bill%20(AB)%20258,,handle,%20or%20transport%20preproduction%20plastics,. 
  35. ↑ Westervelt, Amy (2015-03-27). "It's taken seven years, but California is finally cleaning up microbead pollution" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/vital-signs/2015/mar/27/microbead-california-pollution-nurdle-law-plastic. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 McDevitt, Jason P.; Criddle, Craig S.; Morse, Molly; Hale, Robert C.; Bott, Charles B.; Rochman, Chelsea M. (2017-06-20). "Addressing the Issue of Microplastics in the Wake of the Microbead-Free Waters Act—A New Standard Can Facilitate Improved Policy" (in en). Environmental Science & Technology 51 (12): 6611–6617. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05812. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 28505424. Bibcode: 2017EnST...51.6611M. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b05812. 
  37. ↑ "The garbage patch territory turns into a new state – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". unesco.org. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/about-this-office/single-view/news/the_garbage_patch_territory_turns_into_a_new_state/#.U71u8fl_u9U. 
  38. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.rivistasitiunesco.it/articolo.php?id_articolo=2073. 
  39. ↑ "The Great Nurdle Hunt, Reducing plastic pellet pollution at sea." (in en-gb). https://www.nurdlehunt.org.uk/. 

Further reading




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