Per mille

From HandWiki
Short description: Unit for parts per thousand (‰)
"‰" redirects here. Not to be confused with %, indicating parts per hundred, or with ‱, indicating parts per ten thousand.
‰
Per mille
In UnicodeU+2030 ‰ PER MILLE SIGN (HTML ‰ · ‰)
Related
See alsoU+0025 % PERCENT SIGN
U+2031 ‱ PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN (Basis point)

The phrase per mille (from la per mīlle 'in each thousand')[1] indicates parts per thousand.[2] The associated symbol is ‰, similar to a per cent sign % but with an extra zero in the divisor.

Major dictionaries do not agree on the spelling,[1][2][3] giving other options of per mil,[2] per mill,[1][3] permil,[1][4] permill,[1] permille.[5][6]

The word promille is the cognate in Dutch, German, Finnish and Swedish, and is sometimes seen as a loanword in English with the same meaning as per mille.[7][4]

Computer systems

The code point for the glyph is included in the General Punctuation block of Unicode characters: U+2030 ‰ PER MILLE SIGN.[5] It may be typed using , ,[lower-alpha 1]  , or according to operating system.

Examples

Blood alcohol concentration

Promille and permille are likely best known as shorthand terms for Blood Alcohol Concentration, where 1 promille corresponds to 1 gram of alcohol per liter of blood.[9] Promille is used in the legal limits of blood-alcohol content for driving a road vehicle in some countries: for example: 0.5‰ or 0.8‰.[10]

Cost per mille

Sales and marketing

Main page: Cost per mille

Cost per mille (CPM), the price of 1000 units, may be used for views of banner and display advertising, and for emails delivered by email service providers.

Insurance

In UK insurance usage, the cost per mille is the rate per £1000 of insured value.[11] In India, the premium per mille is the rate expressed as thousandths of the sum assured.[12]

Gradients

A railroad distance and gradient sign in Gdańsk, Poland. The 50‰ grade is equivalent to 5%.
A tram and gradient sign in Gdańsk, Poland. The 50‰ grade is equivalent to 50 m/km or 5%.
Main page: Grade (slope)

Gradients (in some countries in Europe) may be expressed as mm/m or m/km, and written with the per mille symbol.[13][14]

Isotope ratios

Per mille may be used to express stable-isotope ratios—for example: "δ13C was measured at −3.5‰"

Taxation

Charity fraction

In Italy, it is possible to nominate a charity or charities to receive "five per mille" (5‰) of personal taxation payments.[15]

Property tax

Property taxation rates may be expressed as the millage rate (United States ) or mill rate (Canada ), from mill (currency), one thousandth of a dollar.

Quantile

Main page: Quantile

Permille may also be used to express a 1000-quantile ("999th permille"),[16][17] but this usage is rare and largely obsolete. Modern publications instead use fractional percentiles ("99.9th percentile").[18]

Salinity

Main page: Earth:Salinity

Seawater salinity is often expressed per mille. Average marine salinity is about 35 parts per thousand or 35‰ (3.5%).[19]

Related units

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The sequence the percent key (%) is followed by lower case letter o and not, as might be expected, by digit 0.[8]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 per mil (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=per+mil  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "per mille". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/per-mille. Retrieved 2020-06-08. "per mille adverb (also per mil)". 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "per mill". Oxford Dictionaries: The American Dictionary. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/per-mill. Retrieved 2014-08-01. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Heinz Gamsjäger; John W. Lorimer; Pirketta Scharlin; David G. Shaw (2008). "Glossary of terms related to solubility". Pure Appl. Chem. 80 (2): 233–276. doi:10.1351/pac200880020233. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1351/pac200880020233/pdf.  (Page 258)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Unicode. "General Punctuation". 2014. Accessed 5 Aug 2014.
  6. ↑ "per mille". Longman Business Dictionary. https://ldoceonline.com/noresult/?q=per%20mil. Retrieved 2020-07-01. 
  7. ↑ "Cambridge German – English Dictionary". Cambridge German – English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. 
  8. ↑ Monniaux, David. "UTF-8 (Unicode) compose sequence". http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/lib/libX11/plain/nls/en_US.UTF-8/Compose.pre. 
  9. ↑ "Promille vs BAC: the difference and how much promille is 1 BAC" (in en). https://alcosafe.be/en/blogs/onze-webshop/promille-vs-bac-het-verschil-en-hoeveel-promille-is-1-bac. 
  10. ↑ "Blood alcohol level (BAL)". Health Research Board (Ireland). https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/glossary/info/blood_alcohol_level. 
  11. ↑ "A Dictionary of Finance and Banking". A Dictionary of Finance and Banking (4 ed.). 
  12. ↑ "Avoidable loss due to imprudent underwriting of Group Personal Accident Policy". Comptroller and Auditor General of India. March 2019. https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2019/Chapter_3_Ministry_of_Finance_of_Report_No_13_of_2019_Compliance_Audit_Observations_Union_Government_Commercial.pdf. 
  13. ↑ "Directives pour la mesure de l'uni des routes et l'étalonnage des appareils". World Bank. January 1986. p. 2. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/864001468334203776/pdf/WTP460PUB0FREN0s0Appareils000French.pdf. "L'indice IRI est une mesure de l'uni des routes standardisée, apparentée aux mesures obtenues à l'aide des appareils de type-réponse. Les unités recommandées sont : les mètres par kilomètres (m/km) =millimètres par mètres (mm/m) = pente x 1000." 
  14. ↑ ZEMBA, Baowendzooda Joël (July 2015). "ETUDE D’AVANT-PROJET DETAILLE DE L’AMENAGEMENT D’UN PERIMETRE IRRIGUE DE 100 HA À BAGRE EN RIVE DROITE DU NAKANBE (BURKINA FASO)". p. 37. http://documentation.2ie-edu.org/cdi2ie/opac_css/doc_num.php?explnum_id=1975. "Pente longitudinale i (m/km ou ‰): 0.4" 
  15. ↑ "Five per thousand—how does it work and how is it calculated?". N26 (bank). 22 June 2021. https://n26.com/en-it/blog/five-per-thousand-how-does-it-work-and-how-is-it-calculated. 
  16. ↑ Walker, Helen Mary; Lev, Joseph (1969) (in en). Elementary Statistical Methods. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-081130-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ogYnAQAAIAAJ&dq=permille. 
  17. ↑ Valentijn, Floris Arnold (21 September 2022). Senescent cell accumulation & Research-based undergraduate education (Thesis). Utrecht University. doi:10.33540/1121.
  18. ↑ Knoppert, Sebastiaan N; Keijzer‐Veen, Mandy G; Valentijn, Floris A; van den Heuvel‐Eibrink, Marry M; Lilien, Marc R; van den Berg, Gerrit; Haveman, Lianne M; Stokman, Marijn F et al. (December 2023). "Cellular senescence in kidney biopsies is associated with tubular dysfunction and predicts CKD progression in childhood cancer patients with karyomegalic interstitial nephropathy". The Journal of Pathology 261 (4): 455–464. doi:10.1002/path.6202. 
  19. ↑ "Glossary of Meteorology". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 2022. 

External links



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