Philosophy:Decline of Christianity in various countries

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Short description: Phenomenon of decreasing Christian affiliation in the Western world

The decline of Christianity is an ongoing trend in West and North Europe.[1] Developed countries with modern, secular educational facilities in the post-World War II era have shifted towards post-Christian, secular, globalized, multicultural and multifaith societies. There is also evidence of decline in North America (especially in Canada) and in Australia . Despite the decline, Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world, where 70% of the population is Christian.[2] In addition, according to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, within the next four decades, Christianity will remain the world's largest religion.[3] This is due to the birthrate of Christians and due to Christian evangelism (Christians have 2.7 children per woman, which is above the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman).[4] On the other hand, according to different scholars and studies, Christianity is growing rapidly in other parts of the world such as in China ,[5][6][7] other Asian countries,[6][8] Sub-Saharan Africa,[7] Latin America,[7] Eastern Europe,[9] and Oceania.[7][10]

According to Pew Research Center religious conversions are projected to have a "modest impact on changes in the Christian population" worldwide between 2010 and 2050 along other religious group population;[11] and may negatively affect the growth of Christian population and its share of the world’s populations "slightly", the largest net losses due to religious conversion between 2010 and 2050 are expected among Christians, notably in North America (28 million), Europe (24 million). According to the same study Christianity is expected to lose a net of 66 million adherents between 2010 and 2050 mostly to religiously unaffiliated.[12]

Background

Scholars have proposed that Church institutions decline in power and prominence in most industrialized societies, except in cases in which religion serves some function in society beyond merely regulating the relationship between individuals and God.[13]

Reports are mixed on the extent and rate of the decline of Christianity. A 2015 analysis of the European Values Study in the Handbook of Children and Youth Studies identified a "dramatic decline" in religious affiliation across Europe from 1981 to 2008,[14] however, according to the same analysis "the majority of young respondents in Europe claimed that they belonged to a Christian denomination".[14] Christianity is still the largest religion in Western Europe, according to a 2018 study by the Pew Research Center, where 71% of Western Europeans identified themselves as Christian.[15] Most Christians in Western Europe are non-practicing Christians, a large majority (83%) of those who were raised as Christians in Western Europe still identify as such, while the rest who no longer identify as Christians mostly identify as religiously unaffiliated.[15] The European Values Study found that in most European countries in 2008, the majority of young respondents identified themselves as Christians.[14] Unlike Western Europe, in Central and Eastern European countries the proportion of Christians has been stable or even increased in the post-communist era.[9]

In 2017, a report released by St. Mary's University, London concluded that Christianity "as a norm" was gone for at least the foreseeable future. According to the report, 91% of people in the Czech Republic between the ages of 16 to 29 have not declared a religious affiliation, and in the United Kingdom , only 7% identify as Anglican (compared to 6% who identify as Muslim). In at least 12 out of the 29 European countries surveyed by the researchers, based on a sample of 629, the majority of young adults reported that they were not religious.[16][17] The data was obtained from two questions, one asking "Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination?" to the full sample and the other one asking "Which one?" to the sample who replied with "Yes".[18] The use of the formulation and methodology of the questions of the two questions leads to a lower percentage of religiously affiliated respondents (including Christians), unlike other surveys that have been conducted.[15][18] The Pew Research Center criticized the methodology of two-step approach and questioned the wording, "Presumably, this is because some respondents who are relatively low in religious practice or belief would answer the first question by saying they have no religion, while the same respondents would identify as Christian, Muslim, Jewish, etc., if presented with a list of religions and asked to choose among them. The impact of these differences in question wording and format may vary considerably from country to country".[19] According to scholar John D. Martin at Baylor University, the statements of the decline of Christianity in Europe are "greatly exaggerated", and that there are increasing signs of a Christian revival in Europe.[20] According to scholar Filip Mazurczak at George Washington University Christianity is recovering Spain ,[21] and revival in Hungary, Croatia and elsewhere in Eastern Europe.[22]

Other scholars have disputed the global decline of Christianity and instead hypothesized of an evolution of Christianity which allows it to not only survive, but actively expand its influence in contemporary societies. Philip Jenkins hypothesized a "Christian Revolution" in the Southern nations, such as Africa, Asia and Latin America, where instead of facing decline, Christianity is actively expanding. The susceptibility to Christian teachings in the global South will allow the Christian population in these areas to continually increase, and together with the shrinking of the Western Christian population, will form a "new Christendom" in which the majority of the world's Christian population can be found in the South.[23]

Evidence of decline by country

Australia

In the 2016 Census, just over 30% declared that they had no religion (Up from 22% in 2011), while 52.2% of the Australian population declared some variety of Christianity (Down from 61.1% in 2011).[24] Also, in a 2017 survey of teenage Australians aged 13–18, 52% declared that they had no religion, compared with 38% Christian, 3% Islam, 2% Buddhist and 1% Hindu.[25] On the other hand, 2016 Census, indicate a steady growth in the number of Pentecostal church in Australia,[26][24][27] most of the followers of the Pentecostal churches are young as the average age among them is 25.[26][28]

Canada

In Quebec, since the Quiet Revolution, over 500 churches (20% of the total) have been closed or converted for non-worship based uses.[29] In the 1950s, 95% of Quebec's population went to Mass; in the present day, that number is closer to 5%.[30] Despite the decline in church attendance, Christianity remains the dominant religion in Quebec, where 82.2% of people were Christians, according to 2011 National Household Survey.[31]

Chile

Cases of sexual abuse, attempt to hide information, and interference in government affairs have been the main causes of the decline of Christianity in Chile.[32] According to the public broadcaster TVN, the number of Chileans who declare themselves Catholics fell from 73% in 2008 to 45% in 2018.[33] In addition, it is the Latin American country that has less trust (36%) in the Church throughout the region according to Latinobarómetro.[34] 63% of the Chilean population profess some branch of Christianity, according to the Encuesta Nacional Bicentenario identifies as Christian, with an estimated 45% of Chileans declaring to be part of the Catholic Church and 18% of Protestant or Evangelical churches. 5% of the population adheres to other religion.[35]

Attempts to restore the Roman Catholic Christian faith in Chile have failed. The Argentine newspaper Clarín reported that Pope Francis's State visit to Chile in 2018 "had been the worst in his five years of pontificate."[36] After the papal visit, the crisis in the Chilean Catholic Church increased.[37] According to the Bicentenario survey, atheism has grown from 21% in 2018 to 32% in 2019.[38]

Ireland

Christianity, specifically Catholicism, remains the dominant religion in the Republic of Ireland. In the 2016 census, 85.1% of the population identified as Christian.[39] However recent social changes, including the lifting of a ban on abortion and the legalising same sex marriage, have solidified the growth of liberal thinking in Ireland, particularly within the younger community. An Irish priest, Fr. Kevin Hegarty, asserted in 2018 that the church's authority was undermined by the papal encyclical, called Humanae Vitae, that established the Church's opposition to contraception. He reported that there is only one priest under the age of 40 in the entire diocese of Killala; only two priests have been ordained over the last 17 years, and there have been no candidates for the priesthood since 2013. Hegarty blames this decline on the Church's positions on female ordination, contraception and sexuality.[40] A continued requirement for children entering Irish Catholic owned schools to be baptized keeps the overall level of baptisms high, though the number of individuals practicing a faith or attending church is at an all-time low and rapidly decreasing.[citation needed]

Middle East

There has been a significant Christian migration in the 20th century from the Near East. Christians now make up approximately 5% of the total Middle Eastern population,[2] down from 8-12% in the early 20th century,[41][42] this is due to the mass migration predominantly due to persecution,[43] including the Armenian Genocide, the Greek genocide, the Assyrian genocide,[44] persecution of Copts, 2003 invasion of Iraq and persecution of Christians by ISIL.[45][46][47] Fifteen hundred years Christians constituted 6–7% of the region's population: less than 1% in Turkey, 3% in Iraq, 10% in Syria, 39% in Lebanon, 6% in Jordan, 2.5% in Israel/Palestine and 10% in Egypt.

Meanwhile, the numbers of the expatriate Christians is rapidly increasing in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, numbering more than 1.2 million.[48][2] By 2010 the biggest expatriate Christian communities were found in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrin and Oman respectively.[2]

Netherlands

Starting in 1880 and accelerating after the Second World War, the major religions began to decline among the Dutch, while Islam began to increase.[49][50] During the 1960s and 1970s, pillarization began to weaken and the population became less religious. In 1971, 39% of the Dutch population were members of the Roman Catholic Church; by 2014, their share of the population had dropped to 23.3% (church-reported KASKI data), or to 23.7% (large sample survey by Statistics Netherlands in 2015). The proportion of adherents of Calvinism and Methodism declined in the same period from 31% to 15.5%.[51] With only 49.9% of the Dutch currently (2015) adhering to a religion, the Netherlands is one of the least religious countries of the European Union, after the Czech Republic and Estonia. By the 1980s, religion had largely lost its influence on Dutch politics and as a result Dutch policy on women's rights, abortion, euthanasia, homosexuality and prostitution became very liberal in the 1980s and 1990s. As a result of the decline, the two major strands of Calvinism, the Dutch Reformed Church and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, together with a small Lutheran group, began to cooperate as the Samen op weg Kerken ("Together on the road churches"). In 2004 these groups merged to form the Protestant Church in the Netherlands.

In 2015, Statistics Netherlands found that 50.1% of the adult population declared themselves non-religious. Christians comprised 43.8% of the total population, of whom 23.7% were Catholics; 15.5% Protestants; and 4.6% members of other Christian denominations. Followers of Islam comprised 4.9% of the total population, Hinduism 0.6%, Buddhism 0.4% and Judaism 0.1%.[51][52]

The proportion of the population following Islam has increased, primarily via immigration. In the early 21st century, religious tensions between native Dutch people and migrant Muslims was increasing. After the rise of politician Pim Fortuyn, who sought to defend the Dutch liberal culture against what he saw as a "backwards religion",[53] stricter immigration laws were enacted. Religious tensions increased after the murder of Pim Fortuyn in 2002, as well as the 2004 assassination of Theo van Gogh by Mohammed Bouyeri, a conservative Muslim.

In December 2014, for the first time, there are more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands. Currently the majority of the Dutch population is agnostic (31%) or spiritual but not religious (27%).

In 2015, 63% of Dutch people think that religion does more harm than good.[54] A quarter of the population thinks that morality is threatened if no one believes in God, down from 40% in 2006. The number of people reporting that they never pray rose from 36% in 2006 to 53% in 2016.

Italy and Spain

Adherence to established forms of church-related worship is in rapid decline in Italy and Spain, and Church authority on social, moral and ethical issues has been reduced.[13] On the other hand, according to scholar Filip Mazurczak at George Washington University Christianity is recovering in Spain since 2014, and the number of Spaniards who attend Mass, including youths, is increasing.[21]

Despite the decline of daily attendance and the church's authority, Catholicism remains the dominant religion in Spain and Italy. According to the Spanish Center for Sociological Research, 60.2% of Spaniards self-identify as Catholic in 2020,[55] and according to Pew Research Center, 83.3% of Italy's residents are Christians.[56]

United Kingdom

Attendance at Anglican churches had begun to decline in the UK by the Edwardian era, with both membership in mainstream churches and attendance at Sunday schools declining.[57] Infant baptism declined after World War II. In 2014, Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams stated that the UK had become a "post-Christian country." In 2014, only 4.3% of the population participated in a Church of England Christmas service.[58] Nevertheless, around 60% of all respondents identified as Christians in the 2011 Census.[59][60]

However, the Roman Catholic Church has witnessed the highest retention rate among all Christian denominations. In 2015, 9.2% of the UK population was Catholic. According to scholar Stephen Bullivant, based on the British Social Attitudes Survey and European Social Survey, the decline in Anglicanism in the United Kingdom has slowed thanks to "the return of patriotism and pride in Christianity", and the number of followers of the Anglican Church has increased slightly by 2017.[61] A report commissioned by the Christian group Hope Revolution in 2017 indicated that 21% of British youth identified as "active followers of Jesus"[62]

United States

Christianity, the largest religion in the United States , was 73.7% of the total population in 2016.[63] In 2019, 65% of American adults described themselves as Christians.[64] Nationwide Catholic membership increased between 2000 and 2017, but the number of churches declined by nearly 11% and by 2019, the number of Catholics decreased by 2 million people.[65] The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) lost about 30% of its congregation and closed 12.5% of its churches: the United Methodist church lost 16.7% of its congregation and 10.2% of its churches. The Presbyterian Church has had the sharpest decline in church membership: between 2000 and 2015 they lost over 40% of their congregation and 15.4% of their churches.[66] Infant baptism has also decreased; nationwide, Catholic baptisms are down by nearly 34%, and ELCA baptisms by over 40%.[66]

In 2018, the Minneapolis Star Tribune reported that churches in Minnesota were being closed due to dwindling attendance.[66] Mainline protestant churches in Minnesota have seen the sharpest declines in their congregations. The Catholic Church has closed 81 churches between 2000 and 2017; the Archdiocese of Minneapolis closed 21 churches in 2010 and has had to merge dozens more. In roughly the same time frame, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America in Minnesota has lost 200,000 members and closed 150 churches. The United Methodist Church, which is Minnesota's second-largest Protestant denomination, has closed 65 of its churches. In the early 1990s, the Archdiocese of Chicago closed almost 40 Catholic churches and schools.[67] In 2016, increasing costs and priest shortages fueled plans to close or consolidate up to 100 Chicago Catholic churches and schools in the next 15 years.[68] The Archdiocese of New York announced in 2014 that nearly 1/3 of their churches were merging and closing.[69] The Archdiocese of Boston closed more than 70 churches between 2004 and 2019.[70] Nationally, Catholic school enrollment has declined by more than 430,000 students since 2008.[71]

Moderate and liberal denominations in the United States have been closing down churches at a rate three or four times greater than the number of new churches being consecrated.[72] However, according to The Christian Century, the rate of annual closures is approximately 1% and quite low relative to other types of institutions. It has been asserted that of the approximately 3,700 churches that close each year, up to half are unsuccessful new churches.[73]

The Orthodox Church (pre-denominational) and the denominations like Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Pentecostals had slight increases in membership between 2003 and 2018 but the number of adults in the United States who do not report any religious affiliation nearly doubled over that period.[74] In 2017, Schnabel and Bock argued that while "moderate religion" has declined in the United States since the late 1980s, "intense religion" including evangelicalism has persisted.[75] Scholars Landon Schnabel and Sean Bock at Harvard University and Indiana University argued that while "Mainline Protestant" churches have declined in the United States since the late 1980s, many of the members do not leave Christianity, but rather convert to another Christian denomination, in particular to evangelicalism.[75]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sherwood, Harriet (21 March 2018). "'Christianity as default is gone': the rise of a non-Christian Europe". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/21/christianity-non-christian-europe-young-people-survey-religion. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Analysis (19 December 2011). "Global Christianity". Pew Research Center. http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx. 
  3. ↑ The Future of World Religions p.8 Table: Size and Projected Growth of Major Religious Groups Overview
  4. ↑ "The Future of World Religions p.26". http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "The Future of World Religions p.57". http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Yang, Fenggang (20 January 2017). "Chinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity: The Importance of Social and Cultural Contexts". Sociology of Religion (Oxford University Press) 59 (3): 237–257. doi:10.2307/3711910. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3711910. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 The Next Christendom: The Rise of Global Christianity. New York: Oxford University Press. 2002. 270 pp.
  8. ↑ "Understanding the rapid rise of Charismatic Christianity in Southeast Asia". Singapore Management University. 27 October 2017. https://cmp.smu.edu.sg/perspectives/2012/06/26/understanding-rapid-rise-charismatic-christianity-southeast-asia. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues". Pew Research Center. October 29, 2018. https://www.pewforum.org/2018/10/29/eastern-and-western-europeans-differ-on-importance-of-religion-views-of-minorities-and-key-social-issues/. 
  10. ↑ Witte, John; Alexander, Frank S. (1 January 2007). The Teachings of Modern Protestantism on Law, Politics, and Human Nature. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231142632. https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ie-AwAAQBAJ&q=oceania%20protestantism&pg=PT44. 
  11. ↑ "The Future of World Religions: Christians". https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/christians/. "Worldwide, religious switching is projected to have a modest impact on changes in the Christian population. Christians would make up a slightly larger share of the world’s inhabitants in 2050 (32% rather than 31%) if religious switching were not taken into account." 
  12. ↑ "Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43". http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Haynes, Jeff (2014-10-13). Religion in Global Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-88667-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=LWquBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT94. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Vincett, Giselle; Dunlop, Sarah; Sammet, Kornelia; Yendell, Alexander (30 January 2015). "Young People and Religion and Spirituality in Europe: A Complex Picture" (in en). Handbook of Children and Youth Studies. Springer. pp. 889–902. doi:10.1007/978-981-4451-15-4_39. ISBN 978-981-4451-15-4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283633189. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Being Christian in Western Europe" (in en-US). 2018-05-29. https://www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/being-christian-in-western-europe/. 
  16. ↑ "Researcher finds a dramatic decline of Christianity in Europe". Chicago Sun-Times. https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/researcher-finds-a-dramatic-decline-of-christianity-in-europe/. 
  17. ↑ Europe's Young Adults and Religion. pp. 12. https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/docs/2018-mar-europe-young-people-report-eng.pdf. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "European Social Survey, Online Analysis". http://nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no/webview. 
  19. ↑ "Being Christian in Western Europe" (in en-US). 2018-05-29. https://www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/being-christian-in-western-europe/. 
  20. ↑ "Reports Of Christianity's Death In Europe Have Been Greatly Exaggerated". The Federalist. 23 March 2018. https://thefederalist.com/2018/03/23/reports-christianitys-death-europe-greatly-exaggerated/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "IS SPAIN REGAINING ITS FAITH?". First Thing. 23 March 2018. https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2014/06/is-spain-regaining-its-faith. 
  22. ↑ "EASTERN EUROPE'S CHRISTIAN REAWAKENING". First Thing. 1 July 2012. https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2014/01/eastern-europes-christian-reawakening. 
  23. ↑ Philip Jenkins, from "The Christian Revolution," in The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity, Oxford University Press, 2002.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016 : Religion in Australia". Australian Bureau of Statistics. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Data%20Summary~25. 
  25. ↑ Gary Bouma (28 June 2018). "Religion in Australia: What are the Implications of 'None' being the New Normal?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/religion/religion-in-australia-what-are-the-implications-of-none-being-th/10094576. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Christianity on the wane in Australia, but Pentecostal church bucks trend". The Guardian. 27 June 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/jun/27/christianity-on-the-wane-in-australia-but-pentecostal-church-bucks-trend. 
  27. ↑ 2016 Census of Population and General Community (Sheet G14) Australian Bureau of Statistics
  28. ↑ The rise of Pentecostalism
  29. ↑ "Falling from Grace - The Rise and Fall of the Quebec Catholic Church". Culture Witness. http://www.culturewitness.com/2017/07/falling-from-grace-rise-and-fall-of.html. 
  30. ↑ Bilefsky, Dan (2018-07-30). "Where Churches Have Become Temples of Cheese, Fitness and Eroticism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/30/world/canada/quebec-churches.html. 
  31. ↑ "Religions in Canada—Census 2011". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA. 
  32. ↑ Bustos, Andrea (15 April 2019). "Fe en crisis: La religiosidad de los católicos en tiempos difíciles" (in Spanish). https://radio.uchile.cl/2019/04/15/fe-en-crisis-la-religiosidad-de-los-catolicos-en-tiempos-dificiles/. 
  33. ↑ "Cifra de chilenos que se declaran católicos bajó de 73% a 45% en la última década" (in Spanish). 12 January 2018. https://www.24horas.cl/papafranciscoenchile/cifra-de-chilenos-que-se-declaran-catolicos-bajo-desde-73-a-45-en-la-ultima-decada-2612241. 
  34. ↑ "Chile es el país de América Latina que menos confía en las iglesias" (in Spanish). 29 October 2017. https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/religiones/chile-es-el-pais-de-america-latina-que-menos-confia-en-las-iglesias/2017-10-29/171747.html. 
  35. ↑ Centro de Políticas Pública UC (2019). "Encuesta Nacional Bicentenario 2019: Religión" (in es-CL). https://encuestabicentenario.uc.cl/wp-content//uploads/2019/11/EB_RELIGION.pdf. 
  36. ↑ Rubin, Sergio (18 January 2018). "La gira en Chile del Papa se convierte en la peor de sus cinco años de pontificado" (in Spanish). https://www.clarin.com/mundo/gira-chile-papa-convierte-peor-anos-pontificado_0_Hy0QNT0EM.html. 
  37. ↑ "Encuesta Cadem: Visita del Papa no mejoró la imagen de la Iglesia Católica en Chile" (in Spanish). 22 January 2018. https://www.duna.cl/noticias/2018/01/22/encuesta-cadem-visita-del-papa-no-mejoro-la-imagen-de-la-iglesia-catolica-en-chile/. 
  38. ↑ Gayangos, Macarena (20 November 2019). "Chile: Solo el 45% se declara católico y ateos ascienden a 32%" (in Spanish). https://es.aleteia.org/2019/11/20/chile-solo-el-45-se-declara-catolico-y-ateos-ascienden-a-32/. 
  39. ↑ "2011 Census Sample Form" (PDF). Central Statistics Office. p. 4, q.12. http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census2011forms/English_Household_form_with_do_not_complete_stamp-Census_2011.pdf#page=4. ; "Census 2016 Sample Form" (PDF). Central Statistics Office. p. 4, q.12. http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census2016/2016censusforms/65995_English_Household_2016_New_Version_Do_Not_Complete.pdf#page=4. 
  40. ↑ Glenties, Conor Gallagher. "Some church teachings have 'as much validity as Danny Healy Rae's views on climate change'". The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/religion-and-beliefs/some-church-teachings-have-as-much-validity-as-danny-healy-rae-s-views-on-climate-change-1.3577624. 
  41. ↑ Willey, David (10 October 2010). "Rome 'crisis' talks on Middle East Christians". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11509256. 
  42. ↑ Waller, Nicholas (2019-03-08). "Christianity in the Middle East threatened with extinction" (in en-US). https://www.neweurope.eu/article/christianity-in-the-middle-east-threatened-with-extinction/. 
  43. ↑ Kaplan, S. (1 January 2005). ""Religious Nationalism": A Textbook Case from Turkey". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 25 (3): 665–676. doi:10.1215/1089201x-25-3-665. ISSN 1089-201X. 
  44. ↑ "Chapter The refugees question in Greece (1821–1930) in "Θέματα Νεοελληνικής Ιστορίας", ΟΕΔΒ ("Topics from Modern Greek History"). 8th edition" (PDF). Nikolaos Andriotis. 2008. http://ebooks.edu.gr/modules/ebook/show.php/DSGL-C102/79/644,2337/. 
  45. ↑ Rodriguez, Meredith (August 8, 2014). "Chicago-area Assyrians march against ISIL, others protest airstrikes". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-chicagoarea-assyrians-march-against-isis-others-protest-airstrikes-20140808-story.html. 
  46. ↑ Bowcott, Owen; Jones, Sam (August 8, 2014). "Isis persecution of Iraqi Christians has become genocide, says religious leaders". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/isis-persecution-iraqi-christians-genocide-asylum. 
  47. ↑ McQuade, Romsin (July 30, 2014). "Iraq's persecuted Assyrian Christians are in limbo". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11000168/Iraqs-persecuted-Assyrian-Christians-are-in-limbo.html. 
  48. ↑ "BBC News - Guide: Christians in the Middle East". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15239529. 
  49. ↑ Hans Knippenberg, "Secularization in the Netherlands in its historical and geographical dimensions," GeoJournal (1998) 45#3 pp 209-220. online
  50. ↑ Tomáš Sobotka and Feray Adigüzel, "Religiosity and spatial demographic differences in the Netherlands" (2002) online
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Schmeets, Hans (2016). De religieuze kaart van Nederland, 2010–2015. Centraal Bureau voor der Statistiek. p. 5. https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_pdf/2016/51/religie-regionaal-2010-2015.pdf. 
  52. ↑ CBS. "Helft Nederlanders is kerkelijk of religieus" (in nl-NL). https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2016/51/helft-nederlanders-is-kerkelijk-of-religieus. 
  53. ↑ (in Dutch) Fortuyn: grens dicht voor islamiet, Volkskrant, 2002-02-09
  54. ↑ "Kardinaal Eijk blokkeert bezoek paus Franciscus". http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4492/Nederland/article/detail/3587802/2014/02/01/Kardinaal-Eijk-blokkeert-bezoek-paus-Franciscus.dhtml. 
  55. ↑ CIS."Fusión de Barómetros de Septiembre a Diciembre de 2020", 13,498 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?".
  56. ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape". Pewforum.org. http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf. 
  57. ↑ Green, S. J. D. (1996). "9. The forward march of the Christian churches halted? Organisational stasis and the crisis of the associational ideal in early twentieth-century religious institutions". Religion in the age of decline: Organisation and experience in industrial Yorkshire, 1870–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-52299-4. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9780511522994. Retrieved 2018-07-31. 
  58. ↑ Peterson, Paul Silas (2017-09-22). "1. An introduction to the essays and to the phenomenon of established Christianity in the Western World". The Decline of Established Christianity in the Western World: Interpretations and Responses. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-39042-2. 
  59. ↑ "2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales". ons.gov.uk. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262. 
  60. ↑ "UK Census 2001". National Office for Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293. 
  61. ↑ "Anglican church congregation numbers have 'stabilised'". The Daily Telegraph. 14 May 2017. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/13/anglican-church-congregation-numbers-have-stabilised/. 
  62. ↑ "One in six young people are Christian as visits to church buildings inspire them to convert". The Daily Telegraph. 17 June 2017. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/17/one-six-young-people-christian-visits-church-buildings-inspire/. 
  63. ↑ "Five Key Findings on Religion in the U.S." (in en-us). Gallup.com. http://www.gallup.com/poll/200186/five-key-findings-religion.aspx. 
  64. ↑ "In U.S., Decline of Christianity Continues at Rapid Pace" (in en-us). pewforum.org. https://www.pewforum.org/2019/10/17/in-u-s-decline-of-christianity-continues-at-rapid-pace/. 
  65. ↑ "U.S. Decline of Christianity Continues At Rapid Pace". February 9, 2020. http://churchandstate.org.uk/2020/06/u-s-decline-of-christianity-continues-at-rapid-pace/. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 "As churches close in Minnesota, a way of life fades". Star Tribune. http://www.startribune.com/as-minnesota-churches-close-a-way-of-life-fades/486037461/. 
  67. ↑ Marx, Gary. "CHURCHES MAY SHUT, COMMUNITY DOESN'T". https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-01-29-9001080760-story.html. 
  68. ↑ "Archdiocese May Close Nearly 100 Churches in Next 15 Years". February 9, 2016. https://chicago.curbed.com/2016/2/9/10953596/archdiocese-closing-100-churches. 
  69. ↑ "One Third Of New York Catholic Churches Will Merge Or Close As Fewer Attend Mass". November 5, 2014. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/catholic-church-new-york-closing_n_6097300. ,
  70. ↑ Ottolini, Meghan (November 28, 2019). "Closed Churches Become Condos, Dollar Tree, Hockey Rinks". https://www.bostonherald.com/2019/11/28/closed-churches-become-condos-dollar-tree-hockey-rinks/. 
  71. ↑ Anderson, Javonte (September 22, 2020). "Chicago-area Catholic schools enrollment drops, with worst decline among pre-kindergarten students". https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-archdiocese-catholic-schools-enrollment-decline-20200922-goptyjtnaveqtedvp3iqhr4uqa-story.html. 
  72. ↑ Cafferata, Gail (June 2017). "Respect, Challenges, and Stress among Protestant Pastors Closing a Church: Structural and Identity Theory Perspectives". Pastoral Psychology 66 (3): 311–333. doi:10.1007/s11089-016-0751-z. ISSN 0031-2789. 
  73. ↑ Dart, John (2008-05-06). "Church-closing rate only one percent". Christian Century 125 (9): 14–15. ISSN 0009-5281. 
  74. ↑ "Protestants decline, more have no religion in a sharply shifting religious landscape". ABC News. 2018-05-10. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/protestants-decline-religion-sharply-shifting-religious-landscape-poll/story?id=54995663. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Schnabel, Landon; Bock, Sean (2017). "The Persistent and Exceptional Intensity of American Religion: A Response to Recent Research". Sociological Science 4: 686–700. doi:10.15195/v4.a28. https://www.sociologicalscience.com/download/vol-4/november/SocSci_v4_686to700.pdf. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 




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