Astronomy:Arcas

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In Greek mythology, Arcas (/ˈɑːrkəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀρκάς) was a hunter who became king of Arcadia. He was remembered for having taught people the arts of weaving and baking bread and for spreading agriculture to Arcadia.

Family

Arcas was the son of Zeus and Callisto.[1] He was married to either Laodamia (Leaneira), daughter of Amyclas of Sparta; Meganeira, daughter of Crocon;[2] the nymph Chrysopeleia; or the Dryad Erato. He also left a number of children, including the sons Azan, Apheidas, Elatus, and Triphylus,[3] an illegitimate son Autolaus[4] and at least two daughters, Hyperippe[5] and Diomeneia.[6] Arcas's other sons were Erymanthus[7] and Pelasgus.[8]

Comparative table of Arcas' family
Relation Names Sources
Apollodorus' Bibliotheca Pausanias' Description of Greece
Parents Callisto and Zeus
Wife Leanira
Meganira
Chrysopelia
Erato
Laodameia
Unknown
Children Elatus
Apheidas
Azan
Triphylus
Pelasgus
Hyperippe
Diomeneia
Erymanthus
Autolaus

Mythology

Callisto was a nymph in the retinue of the goddess Artemis, or in some sources the daughter of King Lycaon. As she would not be with anyone but Artemis, Zeus cunningly disguised himself as Artemis and raped Callisto. The child resulting from their union was called Arcas.[9][10][11]

Hera became jealous, and in anger, she transformed Callisto into a bear. She would have done the same or worse to her son, but Zeus hid Arcas in an area of Ancient Greece , which would come to be called Arcadia, in his honor. Arcas was given into a care of one of the Pleiades, Maia.[12] There, Arcas safely lived until one day, during one of the court feasts held by king Lycaon (Arcas' maternal grandfather), Arcas was placed upon the burning altar as a sacrifice to the gods. He then said to Zeus, "If you think that you are so clever, make your son whole and un-harmed". Zeus became enraged and made Arcas whole and directed his anger toward Lycaon, turning him into the first werewolf.[13][14]

Then, Arcas became the new king of Arcadia and the country's greatest hunter. One day, when Arcas went hunting in the woods, he came across his mother. Seeing her son after so long, she went forth to embrace him. Not knowing that the bear was his mother, he went to kill her with an arrow. In one version of the story, Arcas hunted Callisto because she had entered the forbidden sanctuary of Zeus on Mt. Lykaion.[15] Zeus however, watching over them, stopped Arcas from shooting Callisto, and turned Arcas into a bear, then putting them into the stars. They are now referred to as Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, the big and little bears. When Hera heard of that, she became so angry that she asked Tethys to keep them in a certain place so that the constellations would never sink below the horizon and receive water.[16] Arcas’ bones were brought to Arcadia and buried near an altar dedicated to Hera under the directions of Delphic Oracle.[12]

Notes

  1. Hyginus, Fabulae 155
  2. Apollodorus, 3.9.1
  3. Apollodorus, 3.9.1; Pausanias, 8.4.1-2 & 10.9.5
  4. Pausanias, 8.4.2 & 8.25.11
  5. Pausanias, 5.1.4
  6. Pausanias, 8.9.9
  7. Pausanias, 8.24.1
  8. Pausanias, 2.14.4
  9. Apollodorus, 3.8.2
  10. Pausanias, 8.3.6
  11. Hyginus, Fabulae 176
  12. 12.0 12.1 Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010). Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology., p. 79, at Google Books
  13. Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.401 ff.
  14. Ovid, Fasti 2.155 ff.
  15. Pseudo-Eratosthenes, Catast. fr. 1
  16. Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.496 ff.

References