Astronomy:GRB 011211

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Short description: Gamma-ray burst event detected December 11, 2001
GRB 011211
Right ascension 168h 49m 4.8s
Declination−21° 55′ 44.4″[1]
Total energy output5×1052 ergs
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GRB 011211 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected on December 11, 2001. A gamma-ray burst is a highly luminous flash associated with an explosion in a distant galaxy and producing gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, and often followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and radio).

Observations

GRB 011211 was detected by the Italian–Dutch X-ray astronomy satellite BeppoSAX on 11 December 2001 at 19:09 UTC.[2] The burst lasted 270 seconds, making it the longest burst that had ever been detected by BeppoSAX up to that point.[3] A spectrum recorded by the Yepun telescope indicated a redshift of z = 2.14.[4]

Supernova relation

A team of researchers at the University of Leicester conducted an analysis of the burst's X-ray afterglow with the XMM-Newton observatory. They found evidence for emission lines of magnesium, silicon, sulphur, and various other chemical elements. This was the first detection of these elements in the spectrum of a GRB.[5] These observations provided strong evidence for a relation between gamma-ray bursts and supernova.[3] However, other astronomers pointed out flaws in the methodology of the Leicester research team, such as the data reduction methods,[6] the low statistical significance of the emission lines,[7] and the low spectral resolution of the instrument used.[8] Despite a follow-up paper from the Leicester team to address these concerns,[9] the findings remained controversial, and GRB 020813 was given the distinction of being the first burst with direct evidence of a supernova relation.[10][11]

Host galaxy

Optical, infrared, and X-ray observations taken by the Hubble Space Telescope between 14 and 59 days after the burst's detection revealed a blue galaxy with an apparent magnitude of 24.95 ± 0.11.[12] Like several other gamma-ray burst hosts, Lyman alpha emission was detected from this galaxy, supporting the theory that the progenitors of gamma-ray burst tend to be metal-poor.[13]

Notes

  1. ↑ Gandolfi, Giangiacomo (12 December 2001). "GRB011211(=XRF011211): BeppoSAX refined positions". GCN Circulars 1189: 1. Bibcode: 2001GCN..1189....1G. http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn3/1189.gcn3. Retrieved 1 June 2010. 
  2. ↑ Gandolfi, Giangiacomo (12 December 2001). "BeppoSAX Alert: GRB011211(=XRF011211)". GCN Circulars 1188: 1. Bibcode: 2001GCN..1188....1G. http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn3/1188.gcn3. Retrieved 1 June 2010. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Reeves, J. N. (4 April 2002). "The signature of supernova ejecta measured in the X-ray afterglow of the Gamma Ray Burst 011211". Nature 416 (6880): 512–515. doi:10.1038/416512a. PMID 11932738. Bibcode: 2002Natur.416..512R. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20110718072801/http://www.swift.ac.uk/Reeves_final_pages.pdf. 
  4. ↑ Fruchter, Andrew S. (13 December 2001). "GRB 011211: Optical Spectroscopy". GCN Circulars 1200: 1. Bibcode: 2001GCN..1200....1F. http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn3/1200.gcn3. Retrieved 1 June 2010. 
  5. ↑ Osborne, Julian (5 April 2002). "XMM observation of gamma ray burst shows supernova connection". University of Leicester. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090503063834/http://www.star.le.ac.uk/news/0302.html. Retrieved 31 May 2010. 
  6. ↑ Borozdin, Konstantin N.; Trudolyubov, Sergey P. (1 February 2003). "Observations of the X-Ray Afterglows of GRB 011211 and GRB 001025 by XMM-Newton". The Astrophysical Journal 583 (2): L57–L61. doi:10.1086/368102. Bibcode: 2003ApJ...583L..57B. 
  7. ↑ Rutledge, Robert E.; Sako, Masao (20 February 2003). "Statistical Re-examination of Reported Emission Lines in the X-ray Afterglow of GRB 011211". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 339 (3): 600–606. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06051.x. Bibcode: 2003MNRAS.339..600R. 
  8. ↑ Butler, Nathaniel R. (10 November 2003). "The X-ray Afterglows of GRB 020813 and GRB 021004 with CHANDRA HETGS: Possible Evidence for a Supernova Prior to GRB 020813". The Astrophysical Journal 597 (2): 1010–1016. doi:10.1086/378511. Bibcode: 2003ApJ...597.1010B. 
  9. ↑ Reeves, J. N. (4 May 2003). "Soft X-ray emission lines in the afterglow spectrum of GRB 011211: A detailed XMM-Newton analysis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 403 (2): 463–472. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030204. Bibcode: 2003A&A...403..463R. 
  10. ↑ "Cosmic Forensics Confirms Gamma-Ray Burst And Supernova Connection" (Press release). NASA. 24 March 2003. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  11. ↑ Fazekas, Andrew (2 April 2003). "Supernova is 'smoking gun' in gamma-ray-burst whodunit". Astronomy. http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2155. Retrieved 23 May 2010. 
  12. ↑ Jakobsson, P. (10 July 2003). "The Afterglow and Host Galaxy of GRB 011211". Astronomy and Astrophysics 408 (3): 941–947. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031044. Bibcode: 2003A&A...408..941J. 
  13. ↑ Fynbo, J. P. U. (19 June 2003). "On the Ly α emission from gamma-ray burst host galaxies: Evidence for low metallicities". Astronomy and Astrophysics 406 (3): L63–L66. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030931. Bibcode: 2003A&A...406L..63F. 



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