Astronomy:M81 Group
| M81 Group | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Observation data (Epoch J2000) | |
| Constellation(s) | Ursa Major/Camelopardalis |
| Brightest member | M81[1] (pictured) |
| Number of galaxies | 34[1] |
| Other designations | |
| NGC 3031 Group | |
The M81 Group is a galaxy group in the constellations Ursa Major and Camelopardalis that includes the galaxies Messier 81 and Messier 82, as well as several other galaxies with high apparent brightnesses.[1] The approximate center of the group is located at a distance of 3.6 Mpc, making it one of the nearest groups to the Local Group.[1] The group is estimated to have a total mass of (1.03 ± 0.17)×1012M☉.[2] The M81 Group, the Local Group, and other nearby groups all lie within the Virgo Supercluster (i.e. the Local Supercluster).[3]
Members
The table below lists galaxies that have been identified as associated with the M81 Group by I. D. Karachentsev.[1]
| Name | Type[4] | R.A. (J2000)[4] | Dec. (J2000)[4] | Redshift (km/s)[4] | Apparent Magnitude[4] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arp's Loop | 09h 57m 32.6s | +69° 17′ 00″ | 99 | 16.1 | |
| DDO 78 | Im | 10h 26m 27.4s | +67° 39′ 16″ | 55 ± 10 | 15.8 |
| F8D1 | dE | 09h 44m 47.1s | +67° 26′ 19″ | 13.9 | |
| FM1 | dSph | 09h 45m 10.0s | +68° 45′ 54″ | 17.5 | |
| HIJASS J1021+6842 | 10h 21m 00.0s | +68° 42′ 00″ | 46 | 20 | |
| HS 117 | I | 10h 21m 25.2s | +71° 06′ 51″ | -37 | 16.5 |
| Holmberg I | IAB(s)m | 09h 40m 32.3s | +71° 10′ 56″ | 139 ± 0 | 13.0 |
| Holmberg II | Im | 08h 19m 05.0s | +70° 43′ 12″ | 142 ± 1 | 11.1 |
| Holmberg IX | Im | 09h 57m 32.0s | +69° 02′ 45″ | 46 ± 6 | 14.3 |
| IC 2574 | SAB(s)m | 10h 28m 23.5s | +68° 24′ 44″ | 57 ± 2 | 13.2 |
| IKN | 10h 08m 05.9s | +68° 23′ 57″ | 17.0 | ||
| KKH 57 | dSph | 10h 00m 16.0s | +63° 11′ 06″ | 18.5 | |
| Messier 81 | SA(s)ab | 09h 55m 33.2s | +69° 03′ 55″ | -34 ± 4 | 6.9 |
| Messier 81 Dwarf A | I | 08h 23m 56.0s | +71° 01′ 45″ | 113 ± 0 | 16.5 |
| Messier 82 | I0 | 09h 55m 52s | +69° 40′ 47″ | 203 ± 4 | 9.3 |
| NGC 2366 | IB(s)m | 07h 28m 54.7s | +69° 12′ 57″ | 80 ± 1 | 11.4 |
| NGC 2403 | SAB(s)cd | 07h 36m 51.4s | +65° 36′ 09″ | 131 ± 3 | 8.9 |
| NGC 2976 | SAc pec | 09h 47m 15.5s | +67° 54′ 59″ | 3 ± 5 | 10.8 |
| NGC 3077 | I0 pec | 10h 03m 19.1s | +68° 44′ 02″ | 14 ± 4 | 10.6 |
| NGC 4236 | SB(s)dm | 12h 16m 42s | +69° 27′ 45″ | 0 ± 4 | 10.1 |
| PGC 28529 | Im | 09h 53m 48.5s | +68° 58′ 08″ | -40 | 17.1 |
| PGC 28731 | dE | 09h 57m 03.1s | +68° 35′ 31″ | -135 ± 30 | 15.6 |
| PGC 29231 | dE | 10h 04m 41.1s | +68° 15′ 22″ | 16.7 | |
| PGC 31286 | dSph | 10h 34m 29.8s | +66° 00′ 30″ | 16.7 | |
| PGC 32667 | Im | 10h 52m 57.1s | +69° 32′ 58″ | 116 ± 1 | 14.9 |
| UGC 4459 | Im | 08h 34m 07.2s | +66° 10′ 54″ | 20 ± 0 | 14.5 |
| UGC 4483 | 08h 37m 03.0s | +69° 46′ 31″ | 156 ± 0 | 15.1 | |
| UGC 5428 | Im | 10h 05m 06.4s | +66° 33′ 32″ | -129 ± 0 | 18 |
| UGC 5442 | Im | 10h 07m 01.9s | +67° 49′ 39″ | -18 ± 14 | 18 |
| UGC 5692 | 13.5 | 10h 30m 35.0s | +70° 37′ 07.2″ | 56 ± 3 | 13.5 |
| UGC 6456 | Pec | 11h 27m 59.9s | +78° 59′ 39″ | -103 ± 0 | 14.5 |
| UGC 7242 | Scd | 12h 14m 08.4s | +66° 05′ 41″ | 68 ± 2 | 14.6 |
| UGC 8201 | Im | 13h 06m 24.9s | +67° 42′ 25″ | 31 ± 0 | 12.8 |
| UGCA 133 | dSph | 07h 34m 11.4s | +66° 53′ 10″ | 15.6 |
Note that the object names used in the above table differ from the names used by Karachentsev. NGC, IC, UGC, and PGC numbers have been used in many cases to allow for easier referencing.
Interactions within the group
Messier 81, Messier 82, and NGC 3077 are all strongly interacting with each other.[5] Observations of the 21-centimeter hydrogen line indicate how the galaxies are connected.[6] The gravitational interactions have stripped some hydrogen gas away from all three galaxies, leading to the formation of filamentary gas structures within the group.[5] Bridges of neutral hydrogen have been shown to connect M81 with M82 and NGC 3077.[6][7] Moreover, the interactions have also caused some interstellar gas to fall into the centers of Messier 82 and NGC 3077, which has led to strong starburst activity (or the formation of many stars) within the centers of these two galaxies.[5] Computer simulations of tidal interactions have been used to show how the current structure of the group could have been created.[8]
Gallery
Galaxy UGC 8201 is a dwarf irregular galaxy member of the M81 galaxy group.[9]
Amateur picture Messier 81 + 82 and NGC 3077 all of the M81 group, 33 frames stacked of 1 minute each.
The spiral galaxies Messier 81 and 82 and the dwarf galaxy Holmberg IX from GALEX
Close up view of Messier 81 from GALEX
The spiral galaxy Messier 81 from Spitzer Space Telescope
The spiral galaxy Messier 81 from Spitzer Space Telescope
Starburst galaxy Messier 82 from Hubble Space Telescope
NGC 2403 in mid-infrared view, combining the 3.6, 5.8 and 8.0 µm bands of the Spitzer Space Telescope
NGC 2403 in Mid-infrared view, combining the 3.6, 8.0 and 24 µm bands of the Spitzer Space Telescope
NGC 2403 from Hubble Space Telescope
NGC 2403 from Hubble Space Telescope illustrated
Supernova SN2004DJ in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403
Supernova 2004dj in NGC 2403
NGC 4236 from GALEX
NGC 2366 from Hubble Space Telescope
Galaxy NGC 2976 from Spitzer Space Telescope in infrared
Galaxy NGC 2976 from an amateur Astronomer
Galaxy NGC 4605 from GALEX
NGC 2363 from Hubble Space Telescope
NGC 2537 from GALEX
Holmberg II from Spitzer Space Telescope in infrared
UGC 5423 / M81 dwarf B from Spitzer Space Telescope in infrared
NGC 3077 from 2MASS
IC 2574
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 I. D. Karachentsev (2005). "The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups". Astronomical Journal 129 (1): 178–188. doi:10.1086/426368. Bibcode: 2005AJ....129..178K.
- ↑ Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics 49 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6. Bibcode: 2006Ap.....49....3K.
- ↑ R. B. Tully (1982). "The Local Supercluster". Astrophysical Journal 257: 389–422. doi:10.1086/159999. Bibcode: 1982ApJ...257..389T.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for various galaxies. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 M. S. Yun; P. T. P. Ho; K. Y. Lo (1994). "A high-resolution image of atomic hydrogen in the M81 group of galaxies". Nature 372 (6506): 530–532. doi:10.1038/372530a0. PMID 7990925. Bibcode: 1994Natur.372..530Y.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Chynoweth, Katie M. (2008). "Neutral Hydrogen Clouds in the M81/M82 Group". The Astronomical Journal 135 (2008 June): 1983–1992. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/6/1983. Bibcode: 2008AJ....135.1983C.
- ↑ Hulst, J. M. van der (1978). "The Structure and Kinematics of the Neutral Hydrogen Bridge Between M 81 and NGC 3077". Astronomy and Astrophysics 75 (1–2): 97–111.
- ↑ Yun, M. S. (1999). "Tidal Interactions in M81 Group". Galaxy Interactions at Low and High Redshift, Proceedings of IAU Symposium 186: 81. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4665-4_18. ISBN 978-0-7923-5833-6. Bibcode: 1999IAUS..186...81Y.
- ↑ "The mysteries of UGC 8201". http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1510a/.
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