Astronomy:Wolter telescope
A Wolter telescope is a telescope for X-rays that only uses grazing incidence optics – mirrors that reflect X-rays at very shallow angles.
Problems with conventional telescope designs
Conventional telescope designs require reflection or refraction in a manner that does not work well for X-rays. Visible light optical systems use either lenses or mirrors aligned for nearly normal incidence – that is, the light waves travel nearly perpendicular to the reflecting or refracting surface. Conventional mirror telescopes work poorly with X-rays, since X-rays that strike mirror surfaces nearly perpendicularly are either transmitted or absorbed – not reflected.
Lenses for visible light are made of transparent materials with an index of refraction substantially different from 1, but all known X-ray-transparent materials have index of refraction essentially the same as 1,[1] so a long series of X-ray lenses, known as compound refractive lenses, are required in order to achieve focusing without significant attenuation.
X-ray mirror telescope design
X-ray mirrors can be built, but only if the angle from the plane of reflection is very low (typically 10 arc-minutes to 2 degrees).[2] These are called glancing (or grazing) incidence mirrors. In 1952, Hans Wolter outlined three ways a telescope could be built using only this kind of mirror.[3][4] These are called Wolter telescopes of type I, II, and III.[5] Each has different advantages and disadvantages.[6]
Wolter's key innovation was that by using two mirrors it is possible to create a telescope with a usably wide field of view. In contrast, a grazing incidence telescope with just one parabolic mirror could focus X-rays, but only very close to the centre of the field of view. The rest of the image would suffer from extreme coma.
See also
- List of telescope types
- Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) (2012+)
- Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission Contains a Wolter Type-I X-ray telescope (2004+)
- Chandra X-ray Observatory Orbiting observatory using a Wolter X-ray telescope. (1999+)
- XMM-Newton Orbiting X-ray observatory using a Wolter Type-I X-ray telescope. (1999+)
- ROSAT Orbiting X-ray observatory (1990-1999)
- eROSITA Orbiting X-ray observatory using Wolter Type-I X-ray telescope on board Spektr-RG (SRG) (2019+)
- ART-XC Orbiting X-ray observatory using Wolter Type-I X-ray telescope on board Spektr-RG (SRG)(2019+)
- ATHENA (2031+)
- Neutron microscope
- Hans Wolter
References
- ↑ Spiller, E. (2015). Hoffman, Craig; Driggers, Ronald. eds. Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. Taylor & Francis. doi:10.1081/E-EOE2. ISBN 9781439850992.
- ↑ Singh, Kulinder Pal (July 2005). "Techniques in X-ray Astronomy" (pdf). Resonance 10 (7): 8–20. doi:10.1007/BF02867103. http://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/010/07/0008-0020.
- ↑ Wolter, Hans (1952). "Glancing incidence mirror systems as imaging optics for X-rays". Annalen der Physik 10: 94. doi:10.1002/andp.19524450108. Bibcode: 1952AnP...445...94W.
- ↑ Wolter, Hans (1952). "A generalized Schwarzschild mirror system for use at glancing incidence for X-ray imaging". Annalen der Physik 10: 286. doi:10.1002/andp.19524450410. Bibcode: 1952AnP...445..286W.
- ↑ "X-ray Telescopes - More Information". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 11 Dec 2018. https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/observatories/technology/xray_telescopes2.html.
- ↑ Petre, Rob. "Technology for X-ray and Gamma-ray Detection". NASA. https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/observatories/technology/.
- Last, Arndt. "Wolter-optics". http://x-ray-optics.eu/index.php/en/types-of-optics/reflecting-optics/curved-mirrors#Wolter_optics.
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