Biography:Alexei Semenov (mathematician)

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Short description: Russian mathematician
Alexei Semenov
Семенов Алексей Львович (2022)+.jpg
Born (1950-10-13) October 13, 1950 (age 73)
Moscow, USSR
Citizenship Soviet Union
 Russia
EducationTemplate:RAS
Alma materMoscow State University (1972)
AwardsPrize of the President of RF (1997)
Scientific career
FieldsMathematical logic
InstitutionsLomonosov Moscow State University
Axel Berg Institute of Cybernetics and Educational Computing
FRC CSC RAS
Moscow State Pedagogical University
Institute of Education, HSE University
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Herzen University
Moscow City University
Doctoral advisorAlbert Muchnik
Doctoral studentsAndrey Muchnik, Vladimir Vovk

Alexei (also Aleksei, Alexey, Aleksey) L. Semenov (also Semyonov, Semёnov) (Russian: Алексей Львович Семенов; born 1950) is a Russian mathematician, educationalist, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Education, Head of the Department of Mathematical Logic and Theory of Algorithms, Lomonosov State University, Professor, and Dr. Sc.

Early life and education

Alexei Semenov was born in 1950 in Moscow to a family of electronic and computer engineers. He graduated from Moscow school No. 7 and the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1972. He completed a Candidate of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics degree (Moscow State University in 1975 under scientific advisor Albert Muchnik. His dissertation was titled «On definability in some decidable theories». He also received a Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics from Steklov Institute of Mathematics in 1984, with his dissertation titled «Logical Theories of One-place Functions on Integers».

Career and Research

Semenov conducted his research in the field of mathematical logic, cybernetics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, and education.

Mathematics

His major field in mathematical logic is definability theory.[1] He is well known for his decidability results,[2][3] Cobham–Semenov Theorem,[4] symbolic dynamics applications,[5] and lattices of definability descriptions.[6][7] His student Andrey Muchnik solved Michael O. Rabin's problem, posed at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Nice.[8][9] Muchnik and Semenov solved[10] a problem of Andrey Kolmogorov from his work originated descriptive complexity theory.[11] He also contributed to the foundations of the theory of algorithms and theory of randomness.[12][13][14][15]

Among other his students are Alexei Lisitsa, Yuri Pritykin, Tatyana Starikovskaya and Vladimir Vovk.

Computing and AI

Semenov started work in practical computing at age 14 in cooperation with his mother, specifically in speech recognition[16] in the group of Dmitry Pospelov. He participated in the last Soviet attempt to construct a supercomputer in 1986.[17] In the last years he developed a concept of individual extended by digital instruments and media.[18] The concept furthers the vision of Lev Vygotsky,[19] Josef M. Feigenberg,[20] Sherry Turkle,[21] Andy Clark[22] and Michel Serres[23] to the educational context of mass school.

Education: Theory and Implementation

Alexei Semenov’s theoretical and practical work in education originated in his involvement as a student, and later, as a teacher in the Nikolay Konstantinov’s math schools.[24] His educational philosophy is rooted in the “learning-by-doing” method of Robert Lee Moore,[25] Paul Halmos,[26] and Russian mathematical circles[24] constructionist approach of Seymour Papert.[27]

Prof. Semenov's approach to learning and teaching math and computer science in primary school is based on Inquiry-based learning, mathematical experimenting by learners, language development, emphasizing visual (on screen and paper) and palpable (manipulatives, moving objects) environments of strings, bags, tables, games, and robots as the basis for all math. This includes, but is not limited by, numerical (arithmetic), priority of solving problems-not-known-how-to-solve over drill-and-practice, and using computer for all routine tasks.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]

In 1985, he was the organizer and co-author of the first computer science textbook for all Soviet schools (editor and co-author – academician A. P. Ershov).[36] Later he was the leader of the authors' teams for textbooks in mathematics and computer science for primary and secondary schools.[37][38]

In 1987, following his work in the Academy of Sciences, he originated a not-for-profit Institute of New Technologies (INT)[39] that introduced the constructionist philosophy into Russian schools and started cooperation of INT and other Russian educators with Papert's group at MIT Media Lab,[40] Blagovest Sendov's Problem Group on Education at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Robert Tinker's group at TERC, LCSI, Key Curriculum Press. So INT produced Russian adaptations, learning and teaching materials for Logo, educational LEGO, Geometer’s Sketchpad, etc.[41]

Semenov initiated and led in cooperation with Sergey Soprunov the project of Logo-style learning environment for pre-literacy pre-numeracy children, recognized by S. Papert in his book "The Connected Family".[42][43][44]

In 2017–2019, he led design and implementation for a system of resultative education (personalized competence-based learning) for Russian schools.[24][45]

In 2019, Alexei Semenov organized a 3 year Program «Fundamental Scientific Support for the Digitalization of General Education» in Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research.[46] As a result of the expert selection, 62 teams from 12 regions of Russia received financial support. "Charter for the Digital Way of School"[47] (2021) is one of the outcomes created as part of the work on the program as a result of a dialogue between the participants of the Program and other prominent figures of Russian education.

In 2021, he started a Master's Program at Moscow State University on AI and Digital Technologies. In 2022, he reorganized the basic undergraduate course on Mathematical logic and theory of algorithms as a complete problem-solving course in the style of Paul Halmos.

In 2022, Alexei Semenov became the leader of compiling the New Russian Mathematical Encyclopedia as a source for digital Great Russian Encyclopedia, where he became a vice-chairman.

In 2022–2023, he initiated a project of primary school meta-subject "Future World". In all school subjects students are introduced to the future by doing its pieces now in such modules like "Introduction" (children to each other, to the teacher, the tablet, and network), "Organization" (keeping myself in time), "Communication" (video-audio-text, as recording the first memory of the eldest in the family), etc.

Teaching and Research Positions

He taught at the Moscow school No. 7, Andrey Kolmogorov boarding school at Lomonosov Moscow State University, and at the Department of Mathematical Logic Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics at Lomonosov Moscow State University.

He was the President and CEO (Rector) of the Moscow Institute of Open Education (1993–2013), which was responsible for the professional development, in-service training, guidance and consulting of all 100,000 Moscow teachers. In 2002 he recreated School No. 179 and returned the mathematician and teacher Nikolay Konstantinov to work there.

He was the President and CEO (Rector) of the Moscow State Pedagogical University (2013–2016) – the leading teacher-training institution in the country.

He is the Director of Axel Berg Institute of Cybernetics and Educational Computing FRC CSC Russian Academy of Sciences (2015 – now).

He is the Head of the Department of Mathematical Logic and Theory of Algorithms MSU Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics (2018 – now).

He is the Senior expert at the Institute of Education of Higher School of Economics (Moscow) (2017 – now).

He was the Editor-in-Chief of the «Kvant magazine» (2012–2018). He was also the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Doklady Mathematics (from 2021). He served as invited editor to volumes of Theoretical Computer Science and MDPI – Mathematics (2022, 2023) (see List of MDPI academic journals.)

He is the author of over 200 scientific papers in mathematics, computer science and education.

International Activities

Alexei Semenov participated in numerous international activities of mathematical and ICT educators.

Alexei Semenov's vision was supported and disseminated by UNESCO with the help of recommendations for primary education[48] as well as for general education.[49] Later, he participated in the teams led by Ivan Kalaš that created recommendations for preschool education[50] and primary education.[51] He participated in the creation of UNESCO recommendations on ICT for teacher education.[52] Professor Alexei Semenov's activities and influence were later recognized by UNESCO Prize on ICT in Education.[53]

Alexei Semenov was the national coordinator of Second Information Technology in Education Study: SITES 2006,[54] member of International Task Force on Teachers for Education 2030, etc.

In 1989, he initiated and played a critical role in the return of international organization on technologies in education ORT (originated in St. Petersburg in 1880) into USSR and Central Europe, where he served as a member of Board of Trustees and co-chair of Academic Advisory Council of the organization.

In 2007–2009, he served as a member of the Executive Committee of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction.

Awards and honours

  • Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Division of Mathematical Sciences (since 2011).
  • Academician of the Russian Academy of Education (since 2010).
  • UNESCO – King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize in 2009 – for the application of information and communication technologies in education.[53]
  • Kolmogorov Prize in 2006 – for outstanding achievements in the field of mathematics for the series of works «On the refinement of A.N. Kolmogorov, related to the theory of chance». He won this award alongside mathematician Andrey Muchnik.
  • The President of the Russian Federation Award in the field of education in 1998 – headed the team for the development and implementation of a comprehensive program for informatization of education in the Moscow region.[55]
  • Russian Federation Government Prize in the field of education in 2009 – for the development of the project «Informatization of the education system of the Russian Federation». The prize was awarded by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 28.08.2009 No. 1246-r.[56]

Personal life

His wife is E. I. Bulin–Sokolova, a graduate of the Moscow State University, an educator, and a Doctor of pedagogical Sciences. Children: with Galina Sheina: Maria Possitselskaya (1974) – teacher, author of math textbooks for elementary school, Daria Semenova (1979) – singer, teacher, author of music textbooks, with Tatiana Rudchenko: Mikhail Semenov (1992) – startup entrepreneur, with E. I. Bulin-Sokolova: Marfa Bulin-Sokolova (1994) – architectural designer, Fedor Bulin-Sokolov (1995) – financial analyst, Anna Semenova (1999) – psychologist, Nikolay Semenov (2001) – photographer, Andrey Semenov (2004) – fashion model and software developer, Ivan Semenov – high school student. Grandchildren: Alexandra Semenova – linguist, Ekaterina Possitselsky – molecular biologist, Dmitry, Anastasiya, Grigory, Timothey, Kirill – students, Olga – preschool.

A big role in the life of A. L. Semenov was played by a meeting in 1979 with Jana Ryšlinková and subsequent relations with her.

References

  1. ↑ Semenov, Alexei; Soprunov, Sergey; Uspensky, Vladimir (2014). "The Lattice of Definability. Origins, Recent Developments, and Further Directions" (in en). Computer Science - Theory and Applications. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 8476. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 23–38. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06686-8_3. ISBN 978-3-319-06686-8. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-06686-8_3. 
  2. ↑ Semenov, A. L. (1980-04-30). "On Certain Extensions of the Arithmetic of Addition of Natural Numbers" (in en). Mathematics of the USSR-Izvestiya 15 (2): 401–418. doi:10.1070/IM1980v015n02ABEH001252. ISSN 0025-5726. Bibcode: 1980IzMat..15..401S. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/IM1980v015n02ABEH001252/meta. 
  3. ↑ Semënov, A. L. (1984-06-30). "Logical Theories of One-place Functions on the Set of Natural Numbers". Mathematics of the USSR-Izvestiya 22 (3): 587–618. doi:10.1070/im1984v022n03abeh001456. ISSN 0025-5726. Bibcode: 1984IzMat..22..587S. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/IM1984v022n03ABEH001456. 
  4. ↑ Semenov, A. L. (1977-03-01). "Presburgerness of Predicates Regular in Two Number Systems" (in en). Siberian Mathematical Journal 18 (2): 289–300. doi:10.1007/BF00967164. ISSN 1573-9260. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00967164. 
  5. ↑ Muchnik, Andrei A.; Pritykin, Yurii L.; Semenov, Aleksei L. (2009-10-31). "Sequences Close to Periodic". Russian Mathematical Surveys 64 (5): 805–871. doi:10.1070/rm2009v064n05abeh004641. ISSN 0036-0279. Bibcode: 2009RuMaS..64..805M. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/RM2009v064n05ABEH004641. 
  6. ↑ Semenov, A. L.; Soprunov, S. F. (2021-12-01). "Lattice of Definability (of Reducts) for Integers with Successor". Izvestiya: Mathematics 85 (6): 1257–1269. doi:10.1070/im9107. ISSN 1064-5632. Bibcode: 2021IzMat..85.1257S. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/IM9107. 
  7. ↑ Semenov, Alexei; Soprunov, Sergei (January 2022). "Automorphisms and Definability (of Reducts) for Upward Complete Structures" (in en). Mathematics 10 (20): 3748. doi:10.3390/math10203748. ISSN 2227-7390. 
  8. ↑ Muchnik, An. A. (1992). Games on Infinite Trees and Automata with Dead-ends. A New Proof for the Decidability of the Monadic Second Order Theory of Two Successors. 48. pp. 220–267. https://mccme.ru/shen/muchnik-memorial/materials/publications/Muchnik1992InfiniteTrees.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Semenov, A. L. (1984). "Decidability of monadic theories" (in en). Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science 1984. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 176. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 162–175. doi:10.1007/BFb0030296. ISBN 978-3-540-38929-3. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/BFb0030296. 
  10. ↑ Muchnik, An. A.; Semenov, A. L. (2003-01-01). "On the Role of the Law of Large Numbers in the Theory of Randomness" (in en). Problems of Information Transmission 39 (1): 119–147. doi:10.1023/A:1023638717091. ISSN 1608-3253. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023638717091. 
  11. ↑ Kolmogorov, A. N. (1993), "On Tables of Random Numbers" (in en), Selected Works of A. N. Kolmogorov: Volume III: Information Theory and the Theory of Algorithms, Mathematics and Its Applications (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands) 27: pp. 176–183, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2973-4_9, ISBN 978-94-017-2973-4, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2973-4_9, retrieved 2023-01-01 
  12. ↑ Uspensky, V. A.; Semenov, A. L. (1981). "What are the gains of the theory of algorithms" (in en). Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 122. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 100–234. doi:10.1007/3-540-11157-3_27. ISBN 978-3-540-38621-6. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-11157-3_27. 
  13. ↑ Uspensky, V. A.; Semenov, A. L. (1993) (in en). Algorithms: Main Ideas and Applications. 251. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 269. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8232-2. ISBN 978-90-481-4256-9. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-015-8232-2. 
  14. ↑ Uspenskii, V A; Semenov, A L; Shen', A. Kh. (1990-02-28). "Can an Individual Sequence of Zeros and Ones be Random?". Russian Mathematical Surveys 45 (1): 121–189. doi:10.1070/rm1990v045n01abeh002321. ISSN 0036-0279. Bibcode: 1990RuMaS..45..121U. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/RM1990v045n01ABEH002321. 
  15. ↑ Muchnik, Andrei A.; Semenov, Alexei L.; Uspensky, Vladimir A. (1998-11-06). "Mathematical Metaphysics of Randomness" (in en). Theoretical Computer Science 207 (2): 263–317. doi:10.1016/S0304-3975(98)00069-3. ISSN 0304-3975. 
  16. ↑ Семенова Е. Т. (1965) (in ru). Способ кодирования (распознавания) смысловой информации устной речи. https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000224_000128_0000181882_19660421_A1_SU/. 
  17. ↑ Семенов, А. Л.; Сопрунов, С. Ф. (1985). "О языке комбинаторно-логического процессора" (in ru). Сб. Эффективное использование высокопроизводительных ЭВМ. Серия Вопросы кибернетики. (Научный совет по комплексной проблеме «Кибернетика» АН СССР) 117: 182–191. 
  18. ↑ А. Л. Семенов, К. Е. Зискин (2022). "Расширенная личность как основной субъект и предмет философского анализа. Следствия для образования" (in ru). в кн. Лекторский В. А. «Человек и системы искусственного интеллекта» (М.: Юридический центр): 172–200. http://ukros.ru/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Человек-и-системы-ИИ.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Vygotsky, L. S. (1930). "The Instrumental Method in Psychology by Vygotsky". https://www.marxists.org/archive/vygotsky/works/1930/instrumental.htm. 
  20. ↑ Фейгенберг, И. М. (2011) (in ru). Человек Достроенный и этика. Цивилизация как этап развития жизни Земли. М.: ООО «Медицинское информационное агентство». pp. 128. https://www.koob.ru/feigenberg/chelovek_dostroyennyy. 
  21. ↑ Sherry, Turkle (2005) (in en). The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. Twentieth Anniversary Edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press. pp. 372. https://www.sherryturkle.com/the-second-self. Retrieved 2023-01-01. 
  22. ↑ Clark, A. (2003). Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence. Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 229. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266603199. 
  23. ↑ Michel, Serres (2012) (in fr). Petite Poucette. Paris: Éditions Le Pommier. https://www.babelio.com/livres/Serres-Petite-poucette/368360. Retrieved 2023-01-01. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Konstantinov, N. N.; Semenov, A. L. (2021-04-07). "Productive Education in Mathematical Schools". Doklady Mathematics 106: S270–S287. doi:10.1134/S1064562423700369. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1064562423700369. 
  25. ↑ Traylor, Reginald D.; Bane, William; Jones, Madeline (1972). Creative Teaching: Heritage of R. L. Moore.. Houston, Texas: University of Houston. pp. 478. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82388051.pdf. 
  26. ↑ Halmos, P. R.; Moise, E. E.; Piranian, George (1975). "The Problem of Learning to Teach". The American Mathematical Monthly 82 (5): 466–476. doi:10.2307/2319737. ISSN 0002-9890. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2319737. 
  27. ↑ Papert, Seymour (1980). Mindstorms : children, computers, and powerful ideas. Internet Archive. New York : Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04627-0. http://archive.org/details/mindstormschildr00pape. 
  28. ↑ Prof. A. Semenov's personal page. "Современный курс математики и информатики в школе. Часть 1 (Modern Course of Mathematics and Informatics at School. Part 1)" (in ru). https://alsemenov.ru/articles-2004#rec267287276. 
  29. ↑ Prof. A. Semenov's personal page. "Современный курс математики и информатики в школе. Часть 2 (Modern Course of Mathematics and Informatics at School. Part 2)" (in ru). https://alsemenov.ru/articles-2004#rec267287496. 
  30. ↑ Semenov, A. L.; Muranov, A. A.; Polikarpov, S. A.; Bakhtina, E. U. (2022). "The Content and Methodology of Teaching Mathematics in Primary School in the Conditions of Digitalization". Continuum. Maths. Informatics. Education 27 (3): 25–39. doi:10.24888/2500-1957-2022-3-25-39. ISSN 2500-1957. 
  31. ↑ Semenov, A.; Polikarpov, S. (2020). "Digital Transformation of School and the Role of Mathematics and Informatics within It. Problems and Paradoxes of Mathematics Education and their Digital Solution". Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Informatization of Education and E-learning Methodology: Digital Technologies in Education (IEELM-DTE 2020). Krasnoyarsk, Russia, October 6–9, 2020. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2770: 1–8. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2770/paper1.pdf. 
  32. ↑ Polikarpov, Sergei A.; Semenov, Alexei L. (2017). "Mathematics for the 21st Century School: The Russian Experience and International Prospects" (in en). Proceedings of the 13th International Congress on Mathematical Education. ICME-13 Monographs. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 675–676. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62597-3_101. ISBN 978-3-319-62597-3. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62597-3_101. 
  33. ↑ Semenov, Aleksey L. (2016). "Implementation of the Conceptual Framework for Russian Mathematical Education" (in en-gb). Current Issues in Mathematics Education Materials of the American-Russian Workshop - COMAP, November 18–20, 2016. https://www.comap.com/membership/free-student-resources/item/current-issues-in-mathematics-education-materials-of-the-american-russian-workshop. 
  34. ↑ Firsov, Victor; Semenov, Alexey. "School Mathematics in Russia". «National Presentations: Russia», 10-th International Congress on Mathematical Education, Copenhagen, 2004.. https://alsemenov.com/work-achievements/international-congress#rec346136312. 
  35. ↑ Semenov, Alexei L. (2000). "Technology in Transforming Education". Communications and Networking in Education (Boston, MA, USA: Springer): 25–36. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35499-6_29. https://alsemenov.ru/articles-2000#rec209759949. 
  36. ↑ Ершов, А. П.; Кушниренко, А. Г.; Лебедев, Г. В.; Семенов, А. Л.; Шень, А. Х. (1988) (in ru). Основы информатики и вычислительной техники. Пробный учебник для сред. учеб. заведений (Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering. Trial textbook for secondary schools). Moscow. ISBN 5-09-000593-1. 
  37. ↑ Prof. A. Semenov's personal page. "Development of Teaching Materials". https://alsemenov.com/work-achievements/teaching-materials. 
  38. ↑ Prof. A. Semenov's personal page. "Educational and methodical complex "Informatics 3-4" part 1 (English translation)". https://alsemenov.com/articles-2013#rec533561533. 
  39. ↑ "The «School» project of Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1991". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEkBmzQzq3o. Retrieved 2022-01-13. 
  40. ↑ Semenov, A. (2017). "Seymour Papert and Us. Constructionism as the Educational Philosophy of the 21st Century In memoriam of Seymour Papert (February 29, 1928, Pretoria, South Africa – July 31, 2016, Blue Hill, ME, USA)" (in Russian). Voprosy Obrazovania (Moscow) 1: 269–294. doi:10.17323/1814-9545-2017-1-269-294. 
  41. ↑ "Logo in Russia". http://letopisi.org/index.php/Logo_in_Russia. 
  42. ↑ Papert, S. (1996). The Connected Family: Bridging the Digital Generation Gap. Atlanta, Ga.: Longstreet Press. ISBN 9781563523359. https://archive.org/details/connectedfamilyb00pape/mode/2up. 
  43. ↑ Alexandrov, K.; Soprunov, S.; Yakovleva, E.. "Logo for the Illiterate Programmers". https://eurologo.web.elte.hu/lectures/kirill.htm. 
  44. ↑ "Пособия УМК "ПервоЛого 4.0" (Manuals of the educational and methodological complex 'PervoLogo 4.0')" (in ru). https://www.int-edu.ru/content/posobiya-umk-pervologo-40. 
  45. ↑ "Персонализированное обучение" (in ru). https://koriphey.ru/proekty/personalizirovannoe-obuchenie/. 
  46. ↑ (in ru) Вестник РФФИ. Тематический блок: Цифровая трансформация школы (Vestnik RFBR. Thematic block: Digital Transformation of the School). https://www.rfbr.ru/rffi/ru/bulletin/o_2128693. 
  47. ↑ "Charter for the Digital Way of School" (in ru). https://rffi.1sept.ru/document/charter/eng. 
  48. ↑ Semenov, A.; Knierzinger, A. J.; Martcheva, K.; Roesvik, S.; Schmidt, E.. Informatics for Primary Education: Recommendations. IITE, Moscow, 2000. – 80 p.. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000130330. 
  49. ↑ Semenov, A. (2005). Information and Communication Technologies in Schools. A Handbook for Teachers or How ICT Can Create New, Open Learning Environments. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 327. https://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~vijaya/ticet/dokuwiki/media/139028e.pdf. 
  50. ↑ Kalaš, I. (2010). Recognizing the Potential of ICT in Early Childhood Education. Analytical survey. UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education. https://iite.unesco.org/pics/publications/en/files/3214673.pdf. 
  51. ↑ Kalaš, I.; Bannayan, H. E.; Conery, L.; Laval, E.; Laurillard, D.; Lim, C. P.; Musgrave, S.; Semenov, A. et al. (2012). ICT in Primary Education Volume 1: Exploring the Origins, Settings and Initiatives. Moscow: UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education. https://iite.unesco.org/pics/publications/en/files/3214707.pdf. 
  52. ↑ "Information and Communication Technologies in Teacher Education". Division of Higher Education, UNESCO. 2002. http://ifip-tc3.net/IMG/pdf/unesco-nikki129533e.pdf. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Laureates of the ICT in Education Prize | UNESCO" (in en). https://www.unesco.org/en/prizes/ict-education/laureates. 
  54. ↑ Second Information Technology in Education Study SITES 2006 Technical Report. Amsterdam: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). 2009. ISBN 978-90-79549-04-7. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED510137.pdf. 
  55. ↑ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 06.10.1998 г. № 1200" (in ru). http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/12995. 
  56. ↑ "Распоряжение Правительства РФ от 28.08.2009 N 1246-р" (in ru). https://rulaws.ru/goverment/Rasporyazhenie-Pravitelstva-RF-ot-28.08.2009-N-1246-r/. 

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