Organization:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

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Short description: Russian university
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Московский Физико-Технический институт
Rht7b njwaM.jpg
MottoSapere aude
Motto in English
Dare to know
TypePublic research university
Established1946
Parent institution
Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Russia)
AffiliationRussian Academy of Sciences
PresidentNikolay Kudryavtsev
RectorDmitry Livanov
Academic staff
1,110
Students6,040
Undergraduates4,288
Postgraduates1,751
Location
Dolgoprudny, Zhukovsky
,
Russia

[ ⚑ ] : 55°55′46″N 37°31′17″E / 55.92944°N 37.52139°E / 55.92944; 37.52139
CampusUrban
LanguageRussian
           Blue & white|u}}rs           Blue & white
Websitemipt.ru/english
Mipt phystech.jpg
University rankings
Global – Overall
USNWR Global[citation needed]475
Regional – Overall
QS Emerging Europe and Central Asia[1]10 (2022)

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT; Russian: Московский Физико-Технический институт, also known as PhysTech), is a public research university located in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It prepares specialists in theoretical and applied physics, applied mathematics and related disciplines.

The main MIPT campus is located in Dolgoprudny,[2] a northern suburb of Moscow. However the Aeromechanics Department is based in Zhukovsky, a suburb south-east of Moscow.

In international rankings, the university was ranked 44th by The Three University Missions Ranking in 2022, In 2020 and 2021, Times Higher Education ranked MIPT #201 in the world, in 2022 QS World University Ratings ranked it #290 in the world, in 2022 U.S. News & World Report ranked it #475 in the world, and in 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked it #501 in the world.[3][4][5][6] As Phystech's founder, Pyotr Kapitsa, designed the institute inspired by and in accordance with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology model, Phystech is commonly hailed as the "MIT of Russia" and is considered to be the leading specialized technical institution of higher education in the former Soviet Union.[7]

Nikolay Kudryavtsev (Кудрявцев Николай Николаевич]), the rector of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has signed a letter of support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[8]

History

A view of the MIPT campus and the city of Dolgoprudny from the Applied Mathematics Building

In late 1945 and early 1946, a group of Soviet scientists, including the future Nobel Prize winner Pyotr Kapitsa, lobbied the government for the creation of a higher educational institution radically different from the type established in the Soviet system of higher education. Applicants, selected by challenging examinations and personal interviews, would be taught by and work together with, prominent scientists. Each student would follow a personalized curriculum created to match his or her particular areas of interest and specialization. This system would later become known as the Phystech System.[citation needed]

In a letter to Joseph Stalin in February 1946, Kapitsa argued for the need for such a school, which he tentatively called the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, to better maintain and develop the country's defense potential. The institute would follow the principles outlined above and was supposed to be governed by a board of directors of the leading research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences. On March 10, 1946, the government issued a decree mandating the establishment of a "College of Physics and Technology" (Russian: Высшая физико-техническая школа).[9]

MIPT campus before renovation

For unknown reasons, the initial plan came to a halt in the summer of 1946. The exact circumstances are not documented, but the common assumption is that Kapitsa's refusal to participate in the Soviet atomic bomb project and his disfavor with the government and communist party that followed, cast a shadow over an independent school based largely on his ideas. Instead, a new government decree was issued on November 25, 1946, establishing the new school as a Department of Physics and Technology within Moscow State University. November 25 is celebrated as the date of MIPT's founding.[10]

The four oldest residence halls are across the street from the academic buildings.

Kapitsa foresaw that within a traditional educational institution, the new school would encounter bureaucratic obstacles, but even though Kapitsa's original plan to create the new school as an independent organization did not come to fruition exactly as envisioned, its most important principles survived intact. The new department enjoyed considerable autonomy within Moscow State University. Its facilities were in Dolgoprudny (the two buildings it occupied are still part of the present day campus), away from the MSU campus. It had its own independent admissions and education system, different from the one centrally mandated for all other universities. It was headed by the MSU "vice rector for special issues"—a position created specifically to shield the department from the university management.[citation needed]

As Kapitsa expected, the special status of the new school with its different "rules of engagement" caused much consternation and resistance within the university. The immediate cult status that Phystech gained among talented young people, drawn by the challenge and romanticism of working on the forefront of science and technology and on projects of "government importance," many of them classified, made it an untouchable rival of every other school in the country, including MSU's own Department of Physics. At the same time, the increasing disfavor of Kapitsa with the government (in 1950 he was essentially under house arrest) and anti-semitic repressions of the late 1940s made Phystech an easy target of intrigues and accusations of "elitism" and "rootless cosmopolitanism." In the summer of 1951, the Phystech department at MSU was shut down.[11]

A group of academicians, backed by Air Force general Ivan Fedorovich Petrov, who was a Phystech supporter influential enough to secure Stalin's personal approval on the issue, succeeded in re-establishing Phystech as an independent institute. On September 17, 1951, a government decree re-established Phystech as the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.[12]

Apart from Kapitsa, other prominent scientists who taught at MIPT in the years that followed included Nobel prize winners Nikolay Semyonov, Lev Landau, Alexandr Prokhorov, Vitaly Ginzburg; and Academy of Sciences members Sergey Khristianovich, Mikhail Lavrentiev, Mstislav Keldysh, Sergey Korolyov and Boris Rauschenbach. MIPT alumni include Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, the 2010 winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics.[13]

The Phystech System

The key principles of the Phystech System, as outlined by Kapitsa in his 1946 letter arguing for the founding of MIPT:

  • Rigorous selection of gifted and creative young individuals.
  • Involving leading scientists in student education, in close contact with them in their creative environment.
  • An individualized approach to encourage the cultivation of students' creative drive and to avoid overloading them with unnecessary subjects and rote learning common in other schools and necessitated by mass education.
  • Conducting their education in an atmosphere of research and creative engineering, using the best existing laboratories in the country.[citation needed]

Departments

The institute has eleven departments, ten of them averaging 80 students admitted annually.[14]

  • Radio Engineering and Cybernetics
  • General and Applied Physics
  • Aerophysics and Space Research
  • Molecular and Biological Physics
  • Physical and Quantum Electronics
  • Aeromechanics and Flight Engineering
  • Applied Mathematics and Control
  • Problems of Physics and Power Engineering
  • Innovation and High Technology
  • Nano-, Bio-, Information and Cognitive Technologies[citation needed]

Admissions

Most students apply to MIPT immediately after graduating from high school at the age of 18. Traditionally, applicants were required to take written and oral exams in both mathematics and physics, write an essay and have an interview with the faculty. In recent years, oral exams have been eliminated, but the interview remains an important part of the selection process. The strongest performers in national physics and mathematics competitions and IMO/IPhO participants are granted admission without exams, subject only to the interview.[citation needed]

In accordance with the traditions of the Soviet education system, education at MIPT is free for most students. Further, students receive small scholarships (as of 2020, $70–105 for bachelor's and $110–140 for master's degree per month,[15] depending on the student's performance) and rather cheap (as of 2020, $13–20[16] per month, depending on location and comfort) housing on campus.[citation needed]

Education

A student studying the class schedule
Hybrid convertiplane "Irbis-538" during the "Armiya 2021" exhibition

It normally takes six years for a student to graduate from MIPT. The curriculum of the first three years consists exclusively of compulsory courses, with emphasis on mathematics, physics and English. There are no significant curriculum differences between the departments in the first three years. A typical course load during the first and second years can be over 48 hours a week, not including homework. Classes are taught five days a week, beginning at 9:00 am or 10:30 am and continuing until 5:00 pm, 6:30 pm, or 8:00 pm. Most subjects include a combination of lectures and seminars (problem-solving study sessions in smaller groups) or laboratory experiments. Lecture attendance is optional, while seminar and lab attendance affects grades. Andre Geim, a graduate and Nobel prize winner stated "The pressure to work and to study was so intense that it was not a rare thing for people to break and leave and some of them ended up with everything from schizophrenia to depression to suicide."[17]

MIPT follows a semester system. Each semester includes 15 weeks of instruction, two weeks of finals and then three weeks of oral and written exams on the most important subjects covered in the preceding semester.[citation needed] Starting with the third year, the curriculum matches each student's area of specialization and also includes more elective courses. Most importantly, starting with the third year, students begin work at base institutes (or "base organizations," usually simply called bases). The bases are the core of the Phystech system. Most of them are research institutes, usually belonging to the Russian Academy of Sciences. At the time of enrollment, each student is assigned to a base that matches his or her interests. Starting with the third year, a student begins to commute to their base regularly, becoming essentially a part-time employee. During the last two years, a student spends 4–5 days a week at their base institute and only one day at MIPT.[18]

The base organization idea is somewhat similar to an internship in that students participate in "real work." However, the similarity ends there. All base organizations also have a curriculum for visiting students and besides their work, the students are required to take those classes and pass exams. In other words, a base organization is an extension of MIPT, specializing in each particular student's area of interests.[citation needed] While working at the base organization, a student prepares a thesis based on his or her research work and presents ("defends") it before the Qualification Committee consisting of both MIPT faculty and the base organization staff. Defending the thesis is a requirement for graduation.[citation needed]

Base organizations

As of 2005, MIPT had 103 base organizations. The following list of institutes is currently far from being complete:

In addition, a number of Russian and Western companies act as base organizations of MIPT. These include:

  • 1C Company
  • ABBYY
  • Competentum Group or Physicon
  • NPMP "Concept Consulting"
  • Intel
  • IPG Photonics
  • Kraftway
  • MetaSynthesis
  • Paragon Software Group
  • S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia
  • SWsoft

Degrees

Before 1998, students could graduate only after completing the full six-year curriculum and defending their thesis. Upon graduation, they were awarded a specialist degree in Applied Mathematics and Physics and, beginning in the early 1990s, a Master's degree in Physics. Since 1998, students have been awarded a Bachelor's degree diploma after four years of study and the defense of a Bachelor's "qualification work" (effectively a smaller and less involved version of the Master's thesis).[citation needed]

The full course of education at MIPT takes six years to complete, just like an American bachelor's degree followed by a master's degree. The MIPT curriculum is more extensive compared to an average American college according to the school.[20] There is an opinion at the school that an MIPT specialist/Master's diploma may be roughly equivalent to an American PhD in physics.[21][citation needed]

Rankings

In 2020 and 2021, Times Higher Education ranked MIPT #201 in the world, in 2022 QS World University Ratings ranked it #290 in the world, in 2026 U.S. News & World Report ranked it #475 in the world, and in 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked it #501 in the world.[4][5][6][3]

Traditional university rankings are often based in part on the universities' research output and prizes won by faculty.[22]

People

Demographics

About 15% of all students are residents of Moscow and nearly the same are from Moscow region; the rest come from all over the former Soviet Union. The student population is almost exclusively male, with the female/male ratio in a department rarely exceeding 15% (seeing 2–3 women in a class of 80 is not uncommon). In 2009 more than 20% of first year students were females.[23]

There are no reliable statistics on the careers of MIPT graduates.[citation needed]

Notable faculty and alumni

See also: Category:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni

Scientists

Nobel Prize winners

Alexei Abrikosov
Vitaly Ginzburg
Lev Landau
Igor Tamm

Other notable scientists

Alexey Fridman

Cosmonauts

  • Yuri Baturin – cosmonaut (1998 and 2001 missions), former head of national security
  • Aleksandr Kaleri – cosmonaut, spent 609 days on the Mir and ISS space stations
  • Aleksandr Serebrov – cosmonaut, 373 days in outer space (four flights)

Political and business persons

  • Alexander Abramov – founder of Evraz Group, #137 on the Forbes list
  • Boris Aleshin – deputy prime minister in Russian government (2003–2004), president of AvtoVAZ (2007–2009), general director of TsAGI (2009–)
  • Serguei Beloussov – businessman, entrepreneur, investor and speaker, founder of Acronis, executive chairman of the board and chief architect of Parallels, Inc.
  • Aleksandr Frolov – CEO of Evraz Group, #390 on the Forbes list
  • Valentin Gapontsev – fiber laser technology pioneer, founder of IPG Photonics
  • Mikhail Kirpichnikov – Russian Science & Technology Minister (1998–2000), dean of Biology at MSU (2006–)
  • Pavlo Klimkin – Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.[46]
  • Alex Konanykhin – Entrepreneur, former banker, former Russian oligarch, with political asylum in the United States.
  • Nikolay Kudryavtsev – rector of MIPT (1997–)
  • Boris Saltykov – Russian Minister of Science and Technology (1991–1996)
  • Natan Sharansky – Israeli Cabinet Minister (1996–2005), US Congressional Gold Medal (1986)
  • Sergei Guriev – Economist, former rector of New Economic School (2004–2013)
  • Volodymyr Shkidchenko – Defense Minister of Ukraine (2003–2004), four-star general of the Army
  • Nikolay Storonsky – Russian-British founding CEO of British fintech company Revolut (2015–)
  • Ratmir Timashev – American and Swiss businessman, entrepreneur, investor, co-founder and CEO of Veeam and Aelita Software Corporation, founder of ABRT Fund.
  • Arkady Volozh – Kazakhstan-born Israeli technology entrepreneur, computer scientist, investor, and philanthropist
  • Dmitry Zelenin – governor of Tverskaya Oblast (2004–2011)
  • Dmitri Dolgov – Co-founder and CTO of the Google Self-Driving Car Project (Waymo) (2009–2021), then Co-CEO (2021–)[47][48]
  • Boris Nadezhdin - liberal politician in Russia who is a candidate in the presidential election candidate at 2024

References

  1. ↑ "QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia". https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/eeca-rankings/2022. 
  2. ↑ "Google Maps". https://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&hl=en&om=1&ll=55.929647,37.52287&spn=0.005319,0.007317. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Moscow Institute of Physics & Technology
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Best Universities in the world". https://www.mastersportal.com/rankings-reviews/13951/moscow-institute-of-physics-and-technology.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Best Universities". https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/moscow-institute-of-physics-and-technology-528929. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT / Moscow Phystech)". https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/moscow-institute-physics-technology-mipt-moscow-phystech. 
  7. ↑ "ShanghaiRanking-Univiersities". http://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/moscow-institute-of-physics-and-technology. 
  8. ↑ "Обращение Российского Союза ректоров 04.03.2022". March 4, 2022. https://rsr-online.ru/news/2022-god/obrashchenie-rossiyskogo-soyuza-rektorov1. 
  9. ↑ "Повесть древних времён или предыстория Физтеха", Ch 3 by N. V. Karlov.
  10. ↑ "Повесть древних времён или предыстория Физтеха", Ch 4 by N.V. Karlov.
  11. ↑ "Повесть древних времён или предыстория Физтеха", Ch 6 by N.V. Karlov.
  12. ↑ "Повесть древних времён или предыстория Физтеха", Ch 7 by N.V. Karlov.
  13. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/. 
  14. ↑ "2006 Admission Statistics (in Russian)". http://www.mipt.ru/abitur/stat/stat2006.html. 
  15. ↑ "Государственная академическая стипендия — Студенческая жизнь". https://mipt.ru/students/life/stipendii/gas/. 
  16. ↑ "Residence Prices". https://mipt.ru/poselenie/students/oplata.php. 
  17. ↑ "Renaissance scientist with fund of ideas". Scientific Computing World. 15 July 2006. http://www.scientific-computing.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=1. 
  18. ↑ Gruntman, Mike (2022). My fifteen years at IKI, the Space Research Institute : position-sensitive detectors and energetic neutral atoms behind the Iron Curtain. Rolling Hill Estates, Calif.: Interstellar Trail Press. pp. 6–17. ISBN 9798985668704. 
  19. ↑ "Summer Symposiums History". International Summer Symposium on Science and World Affairs. http://www.summersymposium.org/sshist.html. 
  20. ↑ "Phystech's Educational Approach". http://www.mipt.ru/eng/questions/approach.html. 
  21. ↑ "Academicians, Hierarchy and Titles in Russian Science, MIPT Web Site". http://www.mipt.ru/eng/questions/hierarchy.html. 
  22. ↑ "Shanghai Jao Tong University ranking methodology". http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2005/ARWU2005Methodology.htm. 
  23. ↑ "MIPT 2009 admittance statistics". http://www.mipt.ru/abitur/stat/stat2009.html. 
  24. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 – Presentation Speech". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1962/press.html. 
  25. ↑ Kapitza P (1938). "Viscosity of liquid helium below the λ-point". Nature 141 (3558): 74. doi:10.1038/141074a0. Bibcode: 1938Natur.141...74K. 
  26. ↑ "Press Release: The 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/press.html. 
  27. ↑ Ölander, A.. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956: Award ceremony speech". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1956/press.html. 
  28. ↑ "Press Release: The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/press.html. 
  29. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 – Presentation Speech". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/press.html. 
  30. ↑ "Intel Fellow – Boris A. Babayan". http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/bios/bbabayan.htm. 
  31. ↑ Bolibrukh AA (1995). 21st Hilbert Problem for Linear Fuchsian Systems. Amer Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-0466-9. 
  32. ↑ "Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis". Nature 363 (6429): 558–61. 1993. doi:10.1038/363558a0. PMID 8505985. Bibcode: 1993Natur.363..558I. 
  33. ↑ "Nonperturbative two-dimensional quantum gravity". Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 (2): 127–30. 1990. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.127. PMID 10041657. Bibcode: 1990PhRvL..64..127G. 
  34. ↑ "Gauge theory correlators from non-critical string theory". Phys. Lett. B 428 (1–2): 105–14. 1998. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00377-3. Bibcode: 1998PhLB..428..105G. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Infinite conformal symmetry in two-dimensional quantum field theory". Nucl. Phys. B 241 (2): 333–80. 1984. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(84)90052-X. Bibcode: 1984NuPhB.241..333B. https://cds.cern.ch/record/152341/files/198407016.pdf. 
  36. ↑ Polyakov AM (1981). "Quantum geometry of bosonic strings". Phys. Lett. B 103 (3): 207–10. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(81)90743-7. Bibcode: 1981PhLB..103..207P. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Fractal structure of 2d—quantum gravity". Mod. Phys. Lett. A 3 (8): 819–26. 1988. doi:10.1142/S0217732388000982. Bibcode: 1988MPLA....3..819K. 
  38. ↑ Polyakov AM (1977). "Quark confinement and topology of gauge theories". Nucl. Phys. B 120 (3): 429–58. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(77)90086-4. Bibcode: 1977NuPhB.120..429P. 
  39. ↑ "Dirac Medallists 1986 — ICTP Portal". http://prizes.ictp.it/Dirac/DiracMedal86.html. 
  40. ↑ E. I. Rashba, Sov. Phys. Solid State 2, 1109 (1960)
  41. ↑ "QCD and resonance physics: The ρ-ω mixing". Nucl. Phys. B 147 (5): 519–34. 1979. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(79)90024-5. Bibcode: 1979NuPhB.147..519S. 
  42. ↑ "QCD and resonance physics. Applications". Nucl. Phys. B 147 (5): 448–518. 1979. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(79)90023-3. Bibcode: 1979NuPhB.147..448S. 
  43. ↑ Shakura NI, Syunyaev RA; Sunyaev (1973). "Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance". Astron. Astrophys. 24: 337–55. Bibcode: 1973A&A....24..337S. 
  44. ↑ Veselago VG (1968). "The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ". Sov. Phys. Usp. 10 (4): 509–14. doi:10.1070/PU1968v010n04ABEH003699. Bibcode: 1968SvPhU..10..509V. 
  45. ↑ "Current algebra and Wess-Zumino model in two dimensions". Nucl. Phys. B 247 (1): 83–103. 1984. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(84)90374-2. Bibcode: 1984NuPhB.247...83K. 
  46. ↑ Parliament appoints Klimkin as Ukrainian foreign minister, Interfax-Ukraine (19 June 2014)
  47. ↑ Bloomberg Profile: Dmitri Dolgov (20 July 2023)
  48. ↑ Computer History Museum: Profile - Dmitri Dolgov (20 July 2023)

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