Biography:Alfred Maul
Alfred Maul (1870–1942) was a German engineer who could be thought of as the father of aerial reconnaissance. Maul, who owned a machine works, experimented from 1900 with small solid-propellant sounding rockets.
Background
Although people had long been experimenting with rockets, hardly anyone had used them in a practical application. It was Alfred Maul, an industrialist and engineer born in Pößneck, in the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, that thought of, and implemented, the idea of taking photographs of the land with a rocket-attached camera. He was inspired by Ludwig Rahrmann, who in 1891 patented a means of attaching a camera to a large calibre artillery projectile or rocket. Previously, aerial photographs had been taken from balloons and kites, and in 1896 or 1897 by Alfred Nobel's rocket, from a small rocket at 100 metres altitude.[1][2][3] In 1903 Julius Neubronner's pigeons were used to take aerial photos but found to be too unreliable.[4]
Camera rocket development
In 1903, Alfred Maul patented his Maul Camera Rocket.[5] The camera would be launched into the air with a black powder rocket. When the rocket had reached an altitude of about 600 to 800 meters, a few seconds later, its top would spring open and the camera would descend on a parachute. A timer would trigger the taking of the photograph.
In 1904, Maul managed to image the local landscape from a 600-metre altitude.[2]
A military application for Maul's technique was intended and, on 22 August 1906, a secret demonstration occurred before military observers at the Glauschnitz firing range. Maul developed his camera rocket further for the purpose of military reconnaissance. He began attaching gyroscopic-stabilized plate cameras in 1907.[5]
In 1912, his rocket cameras were using a 20 by 25 centimetre photographic plate and gyroscopic steering to ensure stable flight and sharper images.[6] The rocket weighed 41 kilograms.[5]
Aeroplanes take over
Maul's rockets achieved no military significance because conventional aeroplanes during World War I succeeded in the role of aerial reconnaissance.[5] The Deutsches Museum in Munich displays a Maul-built rocket.
References
- ↑ "Cameras in Model Rockets: A Short History". 2007-01-08. http://rocketry.wordpress.com/2007/01/08/cameras-in-model-rockets-a-short-history/. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nicholas M. Short, Sr.. "History of Remote Sensing: In the Beginning; Launch Vehicles". Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090130050229/http://fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Intro/Part2_7.html. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ↑ Nicholas M. Short, Sr.. "Remote Sensing Tutorial Overview". Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090226041129/http://fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Front/overview.html. Retrieved 2009-03-13. (photographs by Alfred Nobel and the Bavarian pigeon fleet)
- ↑ "The History of Aerial Photography". http://northstargallery.com/aerialphotography/History%20Aerial%20Photography/history.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Mark Wade. "Maul Camera Rocket". Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090307215811/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/mauocket.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-13. (summary and photo)
- ↑ David Darling. "Maul, Alfred (1864-1941)". http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Maul.html. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
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