Biography:Leslie Coleman

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Leslie Coleman as a graduate in 1904

Leslie Charles Coleman (16 June 1878 – 14 September 1954) was a Canadian entomologist, plant pathologist and virologist who worked as the first director of agriculture in Mysore State in southern India. He conducted pioneering research on the pests and diseases affecting agriculture in the region and was instrumental in establishing several agricultural research institutions including the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore and the Central Coffee Research Institute at Balehonnur. His major contributions to plant protection included measures to control a rot disease of coffee caused by Pellicularia koleroga (now Ceratobasidium noxium) known in southern India as koleroga. Coleman established an inexpensive control measure for another disease, also known as koleroga, a generic name for rot-causing diseases in Kannada, that caused complete destruction in areca plantations. Sprays of inexpensive Bordeaux mixture on the growing crowns helped control infection caused by what he described as Phytophthora arecae (now considered as Phytophthora palmivora).

Early life

Leslie Coleman was born in Durham County, Ontario, Canada, on 16 June 1878 to Francis T. Coleman and Elizabeth. He had three brothers and two sisters. The family appears to have moved between Toronto and Spokane, Washington and Coleman went to the Arthur High School and Harbord Collegiate Institute[1] after which Leslie became a primary school teacher (following his brother Norman Frank Coleman who became a President of Reed College[2] while another brother Herbert was principal of Spokane High School[3]). In 1900 he joined Toronto University and graduated in science with a Governor General's Gold medal in 1904.[4] Coleman spent the summer of 1904 at the marine research stations at Malpeque and at Georgian Bay where he studied oyster cultivation.[5] He received the Frederick Wyld Prize for English Essay in 1905.[6] He moved to Germany for further study and obtained a doctorate from the University of Göttingen. Here he studied nitrification by soil bacteria.[7] From 1906, he worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Agriculture and Forestry in Berlin for two years before he obtained a five-year appointment as Mycologist and Entomologist in the State of Mysore in India in 1908.[8]

India

Grave marker for Mary Macdonald at Bellaji, Biligirirangan Hills

Coleman succeeded Dr Adolf Lehmann, a German chemist from Queen's University Canada, who advised the State of Mysore on agriculture. Lehmann's appointment was the result of a committee headed by Dr J.A. Voelcker to improve agriculture in India.[9] Coleman initially headed the Chemistry department of the Mysore Agricultural Department and began to study plant pests and diseases. He was appointed as the Director of Agriculture in 1913 and held the position until 1934. From January 1919 to July, he taught biology to Canadian army personnel returning from the First World War in a makeshift training centre in Ripon, Yorkshire. This six month course at the Khaki University was accepted by Canadian universities as equal to a full year of coursework.[10]

Coleman's research in Mysore included studies on coffee rust, Hemileia vastatrix,[11] and a disease of areca caused by Phytophthora palmivora (then called P. arecae). He also studied a mycoplasma infection that affected sandal and caused sandal spike.[8]

He was also instrumental in establishing the Central Coffee Research Institute at Balehonnur in 1925 and the Mysore Sugar Factory at Mandya on 15 January 1934.[12] He was also involved in the establishment of the Agricultural College at Hebbal in Bangalore (on 14 June 1946[13]) which later became the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. He founded the Journal of the Mysore Agricultural Experimental Union (now called the Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences).

As a member of the board of agriculture in India, Coleman headed various committees and was responsible for the establishment of a statistical unit at the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute.[14]

A grasshopper genus, Colemania[15] and another species Parahieroglyphus colemani were named after him by Ignacio Bolívar. Coleman made an extensive study of Colemania sphenarioides, a pest in some regions that affected millet crops.[16] The scale insect Coccus colemani found on coffee was named after him by his assistant entomologist Kunhi Kannan in 1918.[17] Coleman was interested in the role of natural parasites and predators for the control of pests. He reared and studied many species of parasites. Telenomus colemani, Anastatus colemani, and Tetrastichus colemani are named after him.[18] Coleman was the first to introduced legislative measures to control pests. He made it compulsory for planters to take measures to control coffee stem-borer.[8]

Return to Canada

In 1925 Coleman briefly returned to Canada due to ill health to take up a position in the Toronto University department of botany.[19] In 1927 a part-time position of plant pathologist in Ontario was created. He worked briefly on the dead arm of grapes caused by Cryptosporella viticola.[20] Coleman did not continue for long and resigned to return to India.[21][22] Coleman was made Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1931.[23] Working again for a few years in Mysore, Coleman retired from his position as Director of Agriculture in 1934 and left India to work at Toronto University, teaching and researching genetics.[24] He worked on the cytology of Gasteria and Allium in 1936.[25] In 1948 he studied the cytology of a grasshopper.[26] He then moved to Victoria, British Columbia and died in a car accident on 14 September 1954 shortly after returning from a tour through Karnataka as a state guest.[8]

Coleman was married twice. His first wife Mary MacDonald Urquhart (born Oct 19, 1882) died on May 10, 1918 in the Biligirirangan Hills where she was buried in the Honnametti estate of R.C. Morris.[27] They had a son John Urquhart Coleman.[28] Coleman married Phebe Ropes (born 1890), daughter of Willis H. Ropes of Danvers, Massachusetts and an artist trained in Boston, on 23 May 1923.[29] They had two daughters and a son.

References

  1. ↑ "Once a Spokane Student". Spokane Daily Chronicle: p. 10. 10 April 1905. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QtpYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9fMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4367%2C6051527. 
  2. ↑ Presidents of Reed
  3. ↑ "Teachers' mother called by death. Mrs. F.T. Coleman reared sons widely known as educators". Spokane Daily Chronicle: p. 10. January 13, 1930. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=97ozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ufQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5628%2C3809848. 
  4. ↑ Torontonensis. 1904. p. 35. https://archive.org/stream/torontonensis06univuoft#page/35/mode/1up/. 
  5. ↑ President's report of the University of Toronto for the year ending June 30th, 1904. 1905. pp. 287–288. https://archive.org/stream/presidentsrepor1904univ#page/287/mode/1up. 
  6. ↑ University of Toronto Monthly. Volume V.. 1905. p. 236. https://archive.org/stream/universityoftoro05univuoft#page/236/mode/2up/. 
  7. ↑ Coleman, L.C. (1908). Investigation in Nitrification. Bacteriological Institute, University of Gottingen, Centr. Bakt. Parasitink, 2nd abt. 20:401–420, 485–513.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Maramorosch, K. (2006). "Peeping into the past: Pioneers in Plant Protection. Leslie C. Coleman (1878-1954)". Indian Journal of Plant Protection 34: 145–146. 
  9. ↑ Anon. (1939). Report on the progress of agriculture in Mysore (2 ed.). Department of Agriculture, Mysore State. pp. 27–29. https://archive.org/stream/MysoreAgriculture/Mysore%20agriculture#page/n38/mode/1up/. 
  10. ↑ Coleman, Leslie C. (1919). "The Canadian Khaki University". The Mysore University Magazine: 244–247. https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.202522/2015.202522.The-Mysore#page/n259/mode/2up/. 
  11. ↑ Coleman, L.C. (1932) Report of work on the Coffee Experiment Station, Balehonnur, for the years 1930 and 1931. Mysore, Coffee Experiment Station. Bulletin No. 8.
  12. ↑ Rao, M. Shama (1936). Modern Mysore. Higgonbothams. pp. 404–405. https://archive.org/stream/modernmysore035292mbp#page/n433/mode/2up. 
  13. ↑ Anon. (1972) Agricultural College, Hebbal. 1946-1972. Silver Jubilee Souvenir. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. pp. 1-2.
  14. ↑ Proceedings of the Board of Agriculture in India. Held at Pusa on the 9th December, 1929 and following days. Calcutta: Government of India. 1931. pp. 23–29. https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofthe031939mbp#page/n33/mode/2up. 
  15. ↑ Bolivar, Ignacio (1910). "Nueve Locustido de la India, perjudicial a la Agricultura (Colemania sphenarioides Bol.)". Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural 10: 318–321. https://archive.org/stream/boletndelasoci10soci#page/318/mode/2up/. 
  16. ↑ Coleman, Leslie C. (1911). The Jola or Deccan grasshopper (Colemania sphenarioides). Entomological Series- Bulletin No. 2.. Department of Agriculture, Mysore State. https://archive.org/stream/entomologicalser02myso#page/n5/mode/2up. 
  17. ↑ Coleman, L.C & K. Kunhi Kannan (1918). Some scale insect pests of coffee in south India. Bangalore: Government Press. p. 2. https://archive.org/stream/entomologicalser04myso#page/2/mode/2up/. 
  18. ↑ Crawford, J.C. (1912). "Descriptions of new Hymenoptera. No. 4-No. 1880". Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 1–10. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.42-1880.1. https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsunit20integoog#page/n22/mode/2up. 
  19. ↑ "Dr. Coleman states condition of India is being improved.". The Varsity. The Undergraduate Newspaper 45 (10): 1. 13 October 1925. https://archive.org/stream/thevarsity45#page/37/mode/1up/. 
  20. ↑ President's report for the year ending 30th June 1927. University of Toronto. p. 33. https://archive.org/stream/presidentsreport1927univ#page/33/mode/1up/. 
  21. ↑ Dustan, G.G. & R.S.Willison (1968). A history of the entomology and plant pathology laboratories on the Niagara peninsula 1911-1960. Canada Department of Agriculture. p. 24. https://archive.org/stream/historyofentomol04dust#page/24/mode/2up/. 
  22. ↑ Estey, Ralph H. (1994). Essays on the Early History of Plant Pathology and Mycology in Canada. McGill Queen's Press. p. 182. 
  23. ↑ London Gazette, 3 June 1931 p, 3628.
  24. ↑ Torontonensis. Volume 48. 1946. p. 249. https://archive.org/stream/torontonensis46univ#page/249/mode/1up/. 
  25. ↑ University of Toronto. Report of the Board of Governors for the Year ended 30th June 1936. 1937. p. 57. https://archive.org/stream/uoftreportgov1936univ#page/56/mode/2up/. 
  26. ↑ Coleman, L.C. (1948). "The cytology of some western species of Trimerotropis (Acrididae)". Genetics 33: 519–528. PMID 17247294. PMC 1209425. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1209425/pdf/519.pdf. 
  27. ↑ Genealogy
  28. ↑ "Society conducted by Mrs. Edmund Phillips". The Toronto World: p. 7. 19 December 1915. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RBdLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1SkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3891%2C3085164. 
  29. ↑ "Miss Ropes marries East Indian Official". Brooklyn Life: p. 13. May 26, 1923. https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/83199417/. 

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