Biology:ACACB

Short description: Protein-coding gene in humans

Generic protein structure example

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 also known as ACC-beta or ACC2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACACB gene.

Function

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex multifunctional enzyme system. ACC is a biotin-containing enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. ACC-beta is thought to control fatty acid oxidation by means of the ability of malonyl-CoA to inhibit carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid uptake and oxidation by mitochondria. ACC-beta may be involved in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, rather than fatty acid biosynthesis.

Clinical implications

Human acetyl-CoA carboxylase has recently become a target in the design of new anti-obesity drugs. However, when the gene for ACC2 was knocked out in mice, no change in body weight was observed relative to normal mice. This result suggests inhibition of ACC2 by drugs may be an ineffective method of treating obesity.

Further reading

• "Expression, purification, and characterization of human and rat acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) isozymes". Protein Expression and Purification 51 (1): 11–21. January 2007. doi:10.1016/j.pep.2006.06.005. PMID 16854592. 
• "Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha gene variations may be associated with the direct effects of some antipsychotics on triglyceride levels". Schizophrenia Research 115 (2–3): 136–40. December 2009. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.038. PMID 19846279. 
• "The human ACC2 CT-domain C-terminus is required for full functionality and has a novel twist". Acta Crystallographica Section D 65 (Pt 5): 449–61. May 2009. doi:10.1107/S0907444909008014. PMID 19390150. Bibcode: 2009AcCrD..65..449M. 
• "AMP-activated protein kinase: ancient energy gauge provides clues to modern understanding of metabolism". Cell Metabolism 1 (1): 15–25. January 2005. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.003. PMID 16054041. 
• "Exploring genetic variations that may be associated with the direct effects of some antipsychotics on lipid levels". Schizophrenia Research 98 (1–3): 40–6. January 2008. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.003. PMID 18031993. 
• "Acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2 show distinct expression patterns in rats and humans and alterations in obesity and diabetes". Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 25 (6): 577–86. September 2009. doi:10.1002/dmrr.997. PMID 19618481. 
• Zanger, Ulrich, ed (2009). "ACC2 is expressed at high levels in human white adipose and has an isoform with a novel N-terminus [corrected"]. PLOS ONE 4 (2): e4369. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004369. PMID 19190759. 
• "AMPK activity and isoform protein expression are similar in muscle of obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 286 (2): E239-44. February 2004. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00326.2003. PMID 14532170. 
• "Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of the human proteome". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 7 (3): 499–508. March 2008. doi:10.1074/mcp.M700325-MCP200. PMID 18029348. 
• "Prediction of the metabolic syndrome status based on dietary and genetic parameters, using Random Forest". Genes & Nutrition 3 (3–4): 173–6. December 2008. doi:10.1007/s12263-008-0097-y. PMID 19034549. 
• "Specific pattern of LKB1 and phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase protein immunostaining in human normal tissues and lung carcinomas". Human Pathology 38 (9): 1351–60. September 2007. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2007.01.022. PMID 17521700. 
• "Decreased muscle acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 2 mRNA and insulin resistance in formerly obese subjects". Obesity Research 11 (11): 1306–12. November 2003. doi:10.1038/oby.2003.177. PMID 14627750. 
• "Alternative usages of multiple promoters of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta gene are related to differential transcriptional regulation in human and rodent tissues". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (7): 5909–16. February 2005. doi:10.1074/jbc.M409037200. PMID 15590647. 
• "Differential activation of recombinant human acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2 by citrate". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 475 (1): 72–9. July 2008. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2008.04.011. PMID 18455495. 
• "Molecular mechanism for the regulation of human ACC2 through phosphorylation by AMPK". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 391 (1): 187–92. January 2010. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.029. PMID 19900410. 
• "5'-AMP-activated protein kinase activity and protein expression are regulated by endurance training in human skeletal muscle". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 286 (3): E411-7. March 2004. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00317.2003. PMID 14613924. 
• "Physiogenomic comparison of edema and BMI in patients receiving rosiglitazone or pioglitazone". Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 400 (1–2): 48–55. February 2009. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2008.10.009. PMID 18996102. 
• "Expression, purification, and characterization of human acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2". Protein Expression and Purification 53 (1): 16–23. May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.pep.2006.11.021. PMID 17223360. 
• "AMP kinase and malonyl-CoA: targets for therapy of the metabolic syndrome". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 3 (4): 340–51. April 2004. doi:10.1038/nrd1344. PMID 15060529. 

External links

• Human ACACB genome location and ACACB gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.