Biology:Acorus americanus
| American sweet flag | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Acorales |
| Family: | Acoraceae |
| Genus: | Acorus |
| Species: | A. americanus
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| Binomial name | |
| Acorus americanus | |
Acorus americanus, the American sweet flag, is an emergent wetland plant native to the northern United States and Canada . This perennial plant has bright green blade-shaped leaves that arise directly from the rhizomes and sheath into each other at the base. Additionally the blades have 2-6 raised veins, and a swollen center when viewed in cross section. The foliage has a citrus-like spicy aromatic quality, and can be used to flavor beer. It is a flowering plant with inconspicuous flowers that are arranged on a lateral spadix (a thickened, fleshy axis) and the fertilized flowers produce berries with a jelly inside. This plant is protected as a state endangered species in Pennsylvania.[1]
Etymology
The name "Acorus" is derived from the Greek word 'acoron', a name used by Dioscorides, which in turn was derived from 'coreon', meaning 'pupil', because it was used in herbal medicine as a treatment for inflammation of the eye.
The species name, "americanus" simply indicates that this is an American species of this genus, differentiating it from the very similar European and western Asian species Acorus calamus.
Taxonomy
Acorus americanus was formerly classified as Acorus calamus var. americanus. It differs only in being a fertile diploid (2n = 24)], whereas most of the A. calamus of Europe and Asia is a sterile triploid species, that only spreads asexually. Diploid plants in northern Asia may be representatives of A. americanus.[2] Also as a diploid it does not produce β-asarone.[citation needed]
Uses
This plant was used extensively by Native Americans and early European settlers.
Chemistry
In 1968 the Food and Drug Administration banned Acorus calamus from being used as a food additive and as a medicinal as a result of lab studies that involved supplementing the diets of lab animals over a prolonged period of time with massive doses of isolated chemicals (β-asarone) from the Indian Jammu strain of Acorus calamus. The plant was labeled procarcinogenic.[3][4][5][unreliable source?] Wichtl says "It is not clear whether the observed carcinogenic effects in rats are relevant to the human organism."[6] However, most sources advise caution in ingesting strains other than the diploid strain.
Like the diploid strains of Acorus calamus in parts of the Himalayas, Mongolia, and C Siberia, the Acorus americanus diploid strain does not contain the procarcinogenic β-asarone.[7][8][verification needed][9] Research has consistently demonstrated that "β-asarone was not detectable in the North American spontaneous diploid Acorus [Calamus var. Americanus]".[10]
It is believed by some that calamus is a hallucinogen. This urban legend is based on two pages of a book written by Hoffer and Osmund entitled The Hallucinogens. The information on these two pages came from anecdotal reports from two individuals (a husband and wife) who reported that they had ingested calamus on a few occasions.[5][11] None of the components in calamus are converted to TMA (trimethoxyamphetamine) in the human organism.[11] To date there is no solid evidence of any hallucinogenic substances in Acorus calamus.
However, for Native Americans, specifically the Alberta Cree, it has been reported that "the root {was} chewed for the hallucinogenic effects,"[12] so perhaps more investigation is needed.
Calamus shows neuroprotective effect against stroke and chemically induced neurodegeneration in rats. Specifically, it has a protective effect against acrylamide induced neurotoxicity.[13]
References
- ↑ NRCS: USDA Plants Profile: Acorus americanus
- ↑ Flora of North America Editorial Committee, ed., "Acorus americanus", Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), New York and Oxford, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=222000002
- ↑ "CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". U.S. Food & Drug Administration. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=189.110.
- ↑ Weisburger, E.K. (1979). "Natural carcinogenic products". Environmental Science & Technology (ACS Publications) 13 (3): 278–281. doi:10.1021/es60151a002. Bibcode: 1979EnST...13..278W.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "sweet flag / bitterroot – Acorus calamus, A. americanus". http://www.herbcraft.org/calamus.html.
- ↑ Wichtl, Max, ed (2004). Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis (3rd ed.). Medpharm: Scientific Publ.. ISBN 978-3-8047-5027-2.
- ↑ Marongiu, B.; Piras, A.; Porcedda, S.; Scorciapino, A. (2005). "Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil and Supercritical CO2 Extract of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and of Acorus calamus L.". J. Agric. Food Chem. (ACS Publications) 53 (20): 7939–7943. doi:10.1021/jf051100x. PMID 16190653.
- ↑ Rost, L.C.M.; Bos, R. (1979). "Biosystematic investigations with Acorus L., 3. Communication - constituents of essential oil". Planta Medica 36 (4): 350–361. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1097281. ISSN 0032-0943. http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25189.
- ↑ Phongpaichit, S.; Pujenjob, N.; Rukachaisirikul, V.; Ongsakul, M. (2005). "Antimicrobial activities of the crude methanol extract of Acorus calamus Linn". Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 27 (Suppl. 2): 517–523. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/27173414.pdf.
- ↑ Radušienė, J.; Judžentienė, A.; Pečiulytė, D.; Janulis, V. (April 2007). "Essential oil composition and antimicrobial assay of Acorus calamus leaves from different wild populations". Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 5 (1): 37–44. doi:10.1017/S1479262107390928. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231803040.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Calamus (Acorus calamus)". http://www.a1b2c3.com/drugs/var002.htm.
- ↑ "BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database". http://naeb.brit.org/uses/1230/.
- ↑ "Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat". Hum Exp Toxicol 25 (4): 187–94. April 2006. doi:10.1191/0960327106ht613oa. PMID 16696294.;
"Protective effect of acorus calamus against acrylamide induced neurotoxicity". Phytother Res 16 (3): 256–60. May 2002. doi:10.1002/ptr.854. PMID 12164272.
External links
- Rook.com entry Information about the plant and a picture.
Wikidata ☰ Q342167 entry
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