Biology:Amaranthus hypochondriacus

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Short description: Species of flowering plant

Amaranthus hypochondriacus

Apparently Secure (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae
Genus: Amaranthus
Species:
A. hypochondriacus
Binomial name
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
Synonyms[2]

Amaranthus hypochondriacus is an ornamental plant commonly known as Prince-of-Wales feather[3] or prince's-feather.[4][5] It is called quelite, bledo[6] and quintonil in Spanish.[7][8]

Description

A. hypochondriacus is a vigorous, upright plant that typically reaches 40–200 cm (15–80 in) tall.[9] It is often grown for its flowers, which appear in dense, catkin-like inflorescences in the summer and autumn. They are usually deep purplish-red, but may be yellow-green.[10] These give way to dry fruits, about 1.5–3 mm (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) long, that split open when ripe.[11] The fruits contain smooth, shiny seeds that may be subglobose to lenticular, either whitish-pink or dark reddish-brown to black, and 1–1.4 mm (3⁄64–1⁄16 inch) in diameter.[12] The leaves are simple and alternately arranged, with entire margins.[11] They are rhombic-ovate to broadly lanceolate in shape, about 4–12 cm (1 1⁄2–4 1⁄2 inches) long and 2–7 cm (1–3 inches) wide, borne on long peduncles.[12]

Taxonomy

Originally endemic to Mexico,[additional citation(s) needed] there is near certainty that A. hypochondriacus is the common ancestor to the genus Amaranthus, but the later domestication of groups remains unclear. There has been opposing hypotheses of a single as opposed to multiple domestication events of the three grain species.[13][14] There is evidence of phylogenetic and geographical support for clear groupings that indicate separate domestication events in South America and Central America.[13] A. hybridus may derive from South America, whereas A. caudatus, A. hypochondriacus, and A. quentiensis are native to Central America and elsewhere in North America.[13][14]

Uses

In temperate regions, it is cultivated as a half-hardy annual plant. Numerous cultivars have been selected, of which 'Green Thumb'[15] and 'Pygmy Torch'[16] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It grows best in well-drained soils in full sun, and is suitable for USDA hardiness zones 3–10. It may be susceptible to aphids.[10]

In Africa and El Salvador, like many other species in the family Amaranthaceae, it is valued as source of food.[17] The leaves and seeds are very nutritious and have a mild flavor.[9] The seeds also contain phenolic compounds.[18]

  • Flower of A. hypochondriacus
    Flower of A. hypochondriacus

References

  1. ↑ "NatureServe Explorer". https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.128128/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus. 
  2. ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2632908. 
  3. ↑ "Amaranthus hypochondriacus". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AMHY2. Retrieved 7 January 2016. 
  4. ↑ (xls) BSBI List 2007, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, https://bsbi.org/download/3542/, retrieved 2014-10-17 
  5. ↑ Phillips, Edward (1720). The New World of Words. 7th ed. 
  6. ↑ "Cultivos andinos: Introducción". FAO: Oficina Regional de para América Latina y el Caribe. http://www.rlc.fao.org/es/agricultura/produ/cdrom/contenido/libro11/cap4.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-04. 
  7. ↑ "Semillas de Amaranto". UNAM: Colección Etnobotánica. http://www.ibiologia.unam.mx/herbario/galerias/colecciones_asociadas/pages/Semillas_amaranto.html. Retrieved 2011-02-04. 
  8. ↑ "El amaranto". University of Guadalajara: Centro Universitario de Biológicas y Afropecuarias. http://www.cucba.udg.mx/sitiosinteres/coaxican/plts_mex/amaranto/amaranto.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-04. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Amaranthus hypochondriacus - Useful Tropical Plants". http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Amaranthus+hypochondriacus. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Amaranthus hypochondriacus (Cocks Comb, Lady Bleeding, Love Lies Bleeding, Pile Wort, Prince-of-Wales Feather, Prince's Feather, Prince's-feather, Red Cocks Comb) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amaranthus-hypochondriacus/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Amaranthus hypochondriacus (prince's-feather amaranth): Go Botany". https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/amaranthus/hypochondriacus/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Amaranthus hypochondriacus in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200006983. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Stetter, Markus G.; Schmid, Karl J (April 2017). "Analysis of phylogenetic relationships and genome size evolution of the Amaranthus genus using GBS indicates the ancestors of an ancient crop". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 109: 80–92. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.029. PMID 28057554. Bibcode: 2017MolPE.109...80S. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Joshi, Dinesh C.; Sood, Salej; Hosahatti, Rajashekara; Kant, Lakshmi; Pattanayak, A.; Kumar, Anil; Yadav, Dinesh; Stetter, Markus G. (2018-07-10). "From zero to hero: the past, present and future of grain amaranth breeding". Theoretical and Applied Genetics 131 (9): 1807–1823. doi:10.1007/s00122-018-3138-y. ISSN 0040-5752. PMID 29992369. 
  15. ↑ "Amaranthus hypochondriacus 'Green Thumb'". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106045/Amaranthus-hypochondriacus-Green-Thumb/Details. Retrieved 19 March 2020. 
  16. ↑ "Amaranthus hypochondriacus 'Pygmy Torch'". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106046/Amaranthus-hypochondriacus-Pygmy-Torch/Details. Retrieved 19 March 2020. 
  17. ↑ Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
  18. ↑ Barba de la Rosa, A.P.; Fomsgaard, Inge S.; Laursen, Bente; Mortensen, Anne G.; Olvera-Martínez, L.; Silva-Sánchez, C.; Mendoza-Herrera, A.; González-Castañeda, J. et al. (2009-01-01). "Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) as an alternative crop for sustainable food production: Phenolic acids and flavonoids with potential impact on its nutraceutical quality" (in en). Journal of Cereal Science 49 (1): 117–121. doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2008.07.012. ISSN 0733-5210. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0733521008001355. 

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