Biology:Amaranthus retroflexus
| Amaranthus retroflexus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Genus: | Amaranthus |
| Species: | A. retroflexus
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| Binomial name | |
| Amaranthus retroflexus | |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
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Amaranthus retroflexus is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae with several common names, including red-root amaranth, redroot pigweed, red-rooted pigweed, common amaranth, pigweed amaranth, and common tumbleweed.[4]
Description
Amaranthus retroflexus, true to one of its common names, forms a tumbleweed.[4] It may be native to the Neotropics[5] or Central and Eastern North America,[6] but is widespread as an introduced species on most continents in a great number of habitats. This is an erect, annual herb reaching a maximum height near 3 m (9.8 ft). The leaves are nearly 15 cm (5.9 in) long on large individuals, the ones higher on the stem having a lance shape and those lower on the plant diamond or oval in shape. The plant is monoecious, with individuals bearing both male and female flowers. The inflorescence is a large, dense cluster of flowers interspersed with spiny green bracts. The fruit is a capsule less than 2 mm (0.079 in) long[7] with a "lid" which opens to reveal a tiny black seed. Another of A. retroflexus's common names is "pigweed" because it grows where hogs are pasture-fed.
Culinary use
This plant is eaten as a vegetable in different places of the world. No species of genus Amaranthus is known to be poisonous,[8] but the leaves contain oxalic acid and may contain nitrates if grown in nitrate-rich soils, so the water should be discarded after boiling. The young shoots and leaves can be eaten raw.[9] The leaves are high in calcium, iron, protein, and phosphorus.[9]
A. retroflexus was used for a multitude of food and medicinal purposes by many Native American groups in the US West.[10] It is among the species consumed as a vegetable in Mexican markets as Quelite quintonil.
It is used in the India n state of Kerala to prepare a popular dish known as thoran by combining the finely cut leaves with grated coconut, chili peppers, garlic, turmeric and other ingredients.
The seeds are edible raw[7] or toasted, and can be ground into flour and used for bread, hot cereal, or as a thickener.[11]
Use as fodder
Like many other species of Amaranthus, this plant may be harmful and even deadly when fed to cattle and pigs in large amounts over several days. Such forage may cause fatal nephrotoxicity,[12] presumably because of its high oxalate content. Other symptoms, such as bloat or methylglobineamia in the most severe cases, might reflect its high nitrate content.[13] However, when supplied in moderation, it is regarded as an exceptionally nutritious fodder.[14]
As a weed
A. retroflexus is a weed outside its native range and has developed resistance against fomesafen in Northeast China.[15]
References
- ↑ NatureServe (5 May 2023). "Amaranthus retroflexus". Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.138217/Amaranthus_retroflexus.
- ↑ "Amaranthus retroflexus", Tropicos, Missouri Botanical Garden, http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?projectid=&name=Amaranthus+retroflexus
- ↑ The Plant List
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Louis Hermann Pammel (1903). Some Weeds of Iowa. Experiment Station, Iowa State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. https://books.google.com/books?id=croUAAAAYAAJ. page 470
- ↑ "Amaranthus retroflexus". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). http://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/amaret/all.html.
- ↑ "Amaranthus retroflexus (red-rooted amaranth)". Go Botany. https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/amaranthus/retroflexus/.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009). Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. pp. 72. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414.
- ↑ Plants for a future
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Benoliel, Doug (2011). Northwest Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. pp. 95. ISBN 978-1-59485-366-1. OCLC 668195076. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/668195076.
- ↑ "Native American Ethnobotany Data Base, search of Amaranthus retroflexus". http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=amaranthus+retroflexus.
- ↑ "Amaranthus retroflexus | Redroot Pigweed | Male Finger". http://www.survivalplantsmemorycourse.com/2012/01/amaranthus-retroflexus-redroot-pigweed-male-finger/.
- ↑ FEIS Ecology
- ↑ van Wyk, Ben-Erik; van Heerden, Fanie; van Oudtshoorn, Bosch (2002). Poisonous Plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza. ISBN 978-1-875093-30-4.
- ↑ Watt, John Mitchell; Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub. E & S Livingstone 1962
- ↑ Huang, Zhaofeng; Cui, Hailan; Wang, Chunyu; Wu, Tong; Zhang, Chaoxian; Huang, Hongjuan; Wei, Shouhui (2020). "Investigation of resistance mechanism to fomesafen in Amaranthus retroflexus L.". Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology (Elsevier) 165: 104560. doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104560. ISSN 0048-3575. PMID 32359536.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amaranthus retroflexus. |
Media related to Amaranthus retroflexus (category) at Wikimedia Commons- Jepson Manual Treatment
- Amaranthus retroflexus L. Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (in Chinese) (in English)
- "Amaranthus retroflexus". http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+retroflexus.
Wikidata ☰ Q157663 entry
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