Biology:Amorphophallus titanum

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Short description: Species of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae

Amorphophallus titanum
Amorphophallus titanum (corpse flower) - 2.jpg
In bloom at New York Botanical Garden
June 27, 2018
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Genus: Amorphophallus
Species:
A. titanum
Binomial name
Amorphophallus titanum
(Becc.) Becc. ex Arcang
Synonyms
  • Amorphophallus selebicus Nakai
  • Conophallus titanum Becc.

Amorphophallus titanum, the titan arum, is a flowering plant in the family Araceae. It has the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world. The inflorescence of the talipot palm, Corypha umbraculifera, is larger, but it is branched rather than unbranched. A. titanum is endemic to rainforests on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.

Due to its odor, like that of a rotting corpse, the titan arum is characterized as a carrion flower, and is also known as the corpse flower or corpse plant (Indonesian: bunga bangkai—bunga means flower, while bangkai can be translated as corpse, cadaver, or carrion).

The titan arum's berries arrange in a regular cylindrical form that resembles the packing of spheres inside a cylindrical confinement. Those structures are also called columnar structures or crystals.

Etymology

A. titanum derives its name from Ancient Greek (ἄμορφος amorphos, "without form, misshapen" + φαλλός phallos, "phallus", and Τιτάν Titan, "titan, giant").[2]

Description

A. titanum: This was in May 2003 the largest scientifically documented inflorescence of the titan arum, flowering in the Botanic Gardens of the University of Bonn (Germany). Its height is 306 cm from the tuber, 274 cm from the surface of the soil

Its corm is the largest known, typically weighing around 50 kg (110 lb).[3] When a specimen at the Princess of Wales Conservatory, Kew Gardens, was repotted after its dormant period, the weight was recorded as 91 kg (201 lb). [4] In 2006, a corm in the Botanical Garden of Bonn, Germany, was recorded at 117 kg (258 lb),[5] and an A. titanum grown in Gilford, New Hampshire by Dr. Louis Ricciardiello in 2010 weighed 138 kg (305 lb).[6][7] However, the current record is held by a corm grown at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, weighing 153.9 kg (339 lb) after 7 years' growth from an initial corm the size of an orange.[8] The tallest documented inflorescence was recorded at the Botanical Gardens Bonn (Germany) in May 2013 and reached 3.20 m.[9][10]

Flowers

The titan arum's inflorescence can reach over 3 m (10 ft) in height.[11][9] Like the related cuckoo pint and calla lily, it consists of a fragrant spadix of flowers wrapped by a spathe, which looks like a large petal. In the case of the titan arum, the spathe is a deep green on the outside and dark burgundy red on the inside, with a deeply furrowed texture. The spadix is almost hollow and resembles a large baguette. Near the bottom of the spadix, hidden from view inside the sheath of the spathe, the spadix bears two rings of small flowers. The upper ring bears the male flowers, the lower ring is spangled with bright red-orange carpels. The odor ("fragrance") of the titan arum resembles rotting meat, attracting carrion-eating beetles and flesh flies (family Sarcophagidae) that pollinate it. The inflorescence's deep red color and texture contribute to the illusion that the spathe is a piece of meat. During bloom, the tip of the spadix is roughly human body temperature, which helps the perfume volatilize; this heat is also believed to assist in the illusion that attracts carcass-eating insects.[9]

Both male and female flowers grow in the same inflorescence. The female flowers open first, then a day or two following, the male flowers open. This usually prevents the flower from self-pollinating.

After the flower dies back, a single leaf, which reaches the size of a small tree, grows from the underground corm. The leaf grows on a somewhat green stalk that branches into three sections at the top, each containing many leaflets. The leaf structure can reach up to 6 m (20 ft) tall and 5 m (16 ft) across. Each year, the old leaf dies and a new one grows in its place. When the corm has stored enough energy, it becomes dormant for about four months. Then the process repeats.

A. titanum tuber weighing 117 kg: It subsequently produced three inflorescences simultaneously in May 2006 at the Botanic Gardens Bonn.

Distribution

A. titanum is native solely to western Sumatra,[11] where it grows in openings in rainforests on limestone hills.[12] However, the plant is cultivated by botanical gardens and a few private collectors around the world.[11]

Cultivation

The titan arum grows in the wild only in the equatorial rainforests of Sumatra, Indonesia. It was first scientifically described in 1878 by Italian botanist Odoardo Beccari. The plant flowers only infrequently in the wild. It first flowered in cultivation at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK, in 1889, with over 100 cultivated blossoms since then. The first documented flowerings in the United States were at the New York Botanical Garden in 1937 and 1939. This flowering also inspired the designation of the titan arum as the official flower of the Bronx in 1939, only to be replaced in 2000 by the day lily. In the Botanical Gardens of Bonn, the titan arum was cultivated since 1932 and the largest collection was built up by Wilhelm Barthlott after 1988, about 30 flowers were recorded and researched since.[10] The number of cultivated plants has increased in recent years, and not uncommonly five or more flowering events occur in gardens around the world in a single year, since today the cultivation requirements for gardens are known in detail.[13] Advanced pollination techniques mean that this plant is rarely cultivated by amateur gardeners. However, in 2011, Roseville High School (Roseville, California) became the first high school in the world to bring a titan arum to bloom.[14]

Male (above, yellow) and female (below, brownish-purple) flowers at the base of the spadix of Amorphophallus titanum, Bot. Gard, Univ. Bonn, March 1987

In May 2003, the tallest inflorescence in cultivation, some 3.20 m (10 ft 5 in) high (measured from its corm, 3.07 m from the soil surface), was grown at the Botanical Garden Bonn in Germany; this record was analyzed, photographed, and documented in detail.[15][10] The event was acknowledged by Guinness World Records.[16] The largest flower in the USA by Louis Ricciardiello, measured 3.10 m (10 ft 2 in) tall in 2010, when it was on display at Winnipesaukee Orchids in Gilford, New Hampshire, US. This event, too, was acknowledged by Guinness World Records.[17][18]

Blooming

In cultivation, the titan arum generally requires 5 through 10 years of vegetative growth before blooming for the first time. After a plant's initial blooming, there can be considerable variation in its blooming frequency. The cultivation conditions are known in detail.[13] Some plants may not bloom again for another 7 through 10 years while others may bloom every two or three years. At the botanical gardens Bonn, it was observed under optimal cultivation conditions that the plants flowered alternatively every second year.[11][10] A plant has also been flowering every second year (2012 to 2022) in the Copenhagen Botanical Garden.[19] Back-to-back blooms occurring within a year have been documented[20] and corms simultaneously sending up both a leaf (or two) and an inflorescence.[21] There has also been an occasion when a 117 kilograms (258 lb) corm produced three simultaneous blooms in Bonn, Germany.[15] [22] There was also a triplet bloom at the Chicago Botanic Gardens in May 2020 named "The Velvet Queen," but viewing was closed to the public due to COVID-19.[23]

Amorphophallus titanum in bloom at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden in Miami, FL. Photo taken in 2001.

The spathe generally begins to open between midafternoon[24] and late evening and remains open all night. At this time, the female flowers are receptive to pollination. Although most spathes begin to wilt within 12 hours, some have been known to remain open for 24 to 48 hours. As the spathe wilts, the female flowers lose receptivity to pollination.

Self-pollination was once considered impossible, but in 1992, botanists in Bonn hand-pollinated their plant with its own pollen from ground-up male flowers. The procedure was successful, resulting in fruit and hundreds of seeds from which numerous seedlings were eventually produced and distributed.[11][10][13] Additionally, a titan arum at Gustavus Adolphus College, in Minnesota, unexpectedly produced viable seed through self-pollination in 2011.[25]

Odour

As the spathe gradually opens, the spadix heats up to 37 °C (99 °F), and rhythmically releases powerful odors to attract pollinators, insects which feed on dead animals or lay their eggs in rotting meat.[15] The potency of the odour gradually increases from late evening until the middle of the night, when carrion beetles and flesh flies are active as pollinators, then tapers off towards morning.[26] Analyses of chemicals released by the spadix show the stench includes dimethyl trisulfide (like limburger cheese), dimethyl disulfide (garlic), trimethylamine (rotting fish), isovaleric acid (sweaty socks), benzyl alcohol (sweet floral scent), phenol (like Chloraseptic), and indole (like feces).[27][28]

Gallery

  • Images of Amorphophallus titanum

  • Two titan arum in Sumatra, Indonesia (ca. 1900–40); one in leaf, which can reach up to 6 m (20 ft) tall, and one in bloom

  • Small corm of A. titanum, Muttart Conservatory, Edmonton, Canada

  • The pollen area as seen from the inside (UC Davis, California)

  • Plant finishing blooming, showing the male and female flowers at the base of the spadix

  • A. titanum close up, Bayreuth University, Germany, June 7, 2015

  • A. titanum close up, Bayreuth University, Germany, June 6, 2015

  • A. titanum close up, Bayreuth University, Germany, June 6, 2015

  • A. titanum leaflets, Muttart Conservatory, Edmonton, Canada

  • A. titanum with fruits, Liberec, Czech Republic

  • A. titanum view into the spathe with flowers on the basis of the spadix. Botanical Gardens Univ. Bonn 28. March 1997

  • A. titanum fruiting at the Botanical Gardens Univ, Bonn in September 2009

  • A. titanum young, just expanding single leaf in the Botanical Gardens Univ. Bonn, July 2009

  • Amorphophallus titanum, world record flower 320 cm high, Botancial Gardens University of Bonn, 21-June-2013

See also

  • Largest organisms

References

  1. ↑ Yuzammi.; Hadiah, J.T. (2018). "Amorphophallus titanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T118042834A118043213. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118042834A118043213.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/118042834/118043213. Retrieved 1 May 2023. 
  2. ↑ ἄμορφος, φαλλός, Τιτάν. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  3. ↑ Titan Arum in the, Botanical Gardens Bonn
  4. ↑ Lobin, W., Neumann, M., Radscheit, M. & W. Barthlott (2007): The cultivation of Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum) – A flagship species for Botanic Gardens, Sibbaldia 5: 69–86
  5. ↑ "Titanenwurz – Bonner Blütenstände". 2013. http://www.botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_samm/titan/titanevents.php. 
  6. ↑ Gilford Steamer (newspaper) July 1, 2010 pp. A1 & A9.
  7. ↑ "Tallest bloom". http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/tallest-bloom/. 
  8. ↑ McDonald, Charlotte. "Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh – The story of our corm". http://www.rbge.org.uk/the-gardens/edinburgh/titan-arum/the-story-of-our-corm. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Barthlott, W., Szarzynski, J., Vlek, P., Lobin, W., & N. Korotkova (2009): A torch in the rainforest: thermogenesis of the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Plant Biol. 11 (4): 499–505 doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00147.x
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Titan Arum in the, Botanical Gardens Bonn
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Barthlott, W. & W. Lobin (Eds.) (1998): Amorphophallus titanum. – A Monograph, 226 pp, F. Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart (= Trop. subtrop. Pflanzenwelt Vol, 99, Acad. Science. Mainz). Download: (19,2 MB)
  12. ↑ University of Connecticut (14 Feb 2011). "Amorphophallus titanum". http://titanarum.uconn.edu/199500115.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Lobin, W., Neumann, M., Radscheit, M. & W. Barthlott (2007): The cultivation of Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum) – A flagship species for Botanic Gardens, Sibbaldia 5: 69-86
  14. ↑ Gilford Steamer (newspaper) July 1, 2010 pp. A1 & A9
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Barthlott, W., Szarzynski, J., Vlek, P., Lobin, W., & N. Korotkova (2009): A torch in the rainforest: thermogenesis of the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Plant Biol. 11 (4): 499-505 [doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00147.x]
  16. ↑ Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn. "Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden". http://botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.html. 
  17. ↑ Tallest bloom. Guinness World Records.
  18. ↑ Koziol, J. 2010. "Corpse flower" makes Guinness record . Fosters, September 24, 2010.
  19. ↑ Eastern Illinois University's Three Titan Arum Blooms 2012 Retrieved 2013-08-11
  20. ↑ 'Big Bucky' 5/2009 and 6/2009, University of Wisconsin–Madison
  21. ↑ 'Big Bucky' 5/2012 and 'Little Stinker' 9/2009, University of Wisconsin–Madison
  22. ↑ University of Bonn Botanic Garden, Bonn, Germany Three blooms from one corm Retrieved 2013-08-11
  23. ↑ "The Velvet Queen | Chicago Botanic Garden". https://www.chicagobotanic.org/titan/velvet_queen. 
  24. ↑ Eastern Illinois University's Three Titan Arum blooms 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-11
  25. ↑ Gustavus Adolphus College Self-pollination 2011. Retrieved 2013-08-11
  26. ↑ "Titan Arum—FAQ | Chicago Botanic Garden". http://www.chicagobotanic.org/titan/faq. 
  27. ↑ American Chemical Society. The Chemistry of the Corpse Flower's Stench 2013
  28. ↑ Cornell University. What made 'Wee Stinky' stink. 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-11

Bibliography

External links

Videos

Live-feed video

Time-lapse videos

Video references

  1. ↑ "Corpse Flower Cam: Watch Rosie Bloom in Real-Time from Tucson". 2018-04-23. https://www.yurview.com/watch/livestream/rosie-corpse-flower-bloom/. 
  2. ↑ "Tucson 'corpse flower' watch: Rosie is blooming". 24 April 2018. http://tucson.com/news/local/tucson-corpse-flower-watch-rosie-is-starting-to-bloom/article_e9529946-434d-11e8-88d8-b743faa81254.html. 
  3. ↑ Corpse Flower, http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/our-garden/notable-plant-collections/titan-arum.aspx 
  4. ↑ "Live view – AXIS P1344 Network Camera". http://159.115.209.8/view/viewer_index.shtml?id=240. 
  5. ↑ "Amorphophallus titanum". https://www.californiacarnivores.com/pages/amorphophallus-titanum. 
  6. ↑ "Corpse Flower Live Stream". http://conservatoryofflowers.org/bloom/amorphophallus-titanum/. 
  7. ↑ "Meet java and Sumatra". https://www.chicagobotanic.org/titan. 
  8. ↑ ""Wee Stinky" titan arum cam". http://livestream.com/CornellCast/events/6483238. 
  9. ↑ "Corpse flower at NC State". https://cals.ncsu.edu/corpse-flower-nc-state/. 
  10. ↑ "Log into Facebook". https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMitchellParkDomes. Retrieved June 13, 2023. 
  11. ↑ "Putricia blooms at Meijer Gardens". WOOD-TV. https://www.woodtv.com/news/kent-county/meijer-gardens-corpse-flower-bloom-livestream/1294313105?fref=mentions. Retrieved June 13, 2023. 
  12. ↑ "See it in person or watch online as Amazon's latest rare corpse flower is set to bloom inside Spheres" (in en-US). 2019-06-04. https://www.geekwire.com/2019/see-person-watch-online-amazons-latest-rare-corpse-flower-set-bloom-inside-spheres/. 
  13. ↑ "Watch Sprout Grow: Corpse Flower Livestream at Longwood Gardens". Longwood Gardens. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bECLKQLuyGI. 
  14. ↑ "Ambler Campus Corpse Flower Live Stream Archive – YouTube". https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMDbtEcOh2UTyniPiijiJBLEz9A84cWBt. 
  15. ↑ "Meet Zeus, the Austin Peay corpse flower that's about to cause a big stink". Austin Peay State University. https://www.apsu.edu/news/june-2022-zeus-corpse-flower-0601. 
  16. ↑ "The mystery blooms of smelly 'Corpse Flowers'". 2022-07-22. https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/07/22/the-mystery-blooms-of-smelly-corpse-flowers/. 
  17. ↑ Time-lapse Video of Titan Arum Bloom, July 2007, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn18-dXKVpM, retrieved 2015-08-22 
  18. ↑ (in en) METIS – A Time Lapse of Binghamton's Corpse Flower, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FQMdxLuai8, retrieved 2021-08-04 
  19. ↑ Perry the Corpse Flower Full Bloom Cycle 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cz4gi8mhBvw, retrieved 2015-08-22 
  20. ↑ Giant Corpse Flower bloom – time lapse from two views, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qh149OESEF0, retrieved 2015-08-26 
  21. ↑ First flowering of Aaron, http://www.aaron.ugent.be/ 
  22. ↑ "Amorphophallus titanum". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:84456-1. 
  23. ↑ "Timelapse flowering of the Titan arum at Mount Lofty Botanic Garden (first vision)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VUiXJAqIsU. 
  24. ↑ "Thousands queue for whiff of Adelaide 'corpse flower'" (in en-AU). February 2016. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-02/smelly-corpse-flower-draws-late-night-visitors-adelaide/7131938. 
  25. ↑ "Surprise corpse flower blooming creates suspected 'world first' at Adelaide Botanic Gardens" (in en-AU). 2017-01-03. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-03/stinky-corpse-flower-begins-opening-in-adelaide/8159620. 
  26. ↑ Geena Fowles (1 February 2016). "Stinky Flower Blooms in Minnesota". America Herald. http://www.americaherald.com/stinky-flower-blooms-in-minnesota/26395/. 
  27. ↑ "The Spadix Speaks: Cornell's Titan Arum Blog" (in en). https://titanarum.cals.cornell.edu/?sbe-widgetadd=true. 
  28. ↑ "Corpse flower blooming time lapse (titan arum) at Indiana University" (in en). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-iTg5fnKBU. 
  29. ↑ "Meijer Gardens Corpse Flower Timelapse" (in en). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xJF8B4SXc4. 
  30. ↑ "Titan Arum Time Lapse – Northwestern State University of Louisiana" (in en). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAuC2hJSJHc. 
  31. ↑ "See Sprout Bloom!". Longwood Gardens. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HadSs-P7Po. 
  32. ↑ "A momentary, smelly sensation: Watch time-lapse video of GVSU's corpse flower opening and closing". https://www.gvsu.edu/gvnext/2022/a-momentary-smelly-sensation-watch-time-lapse-video-of-gvsus-corpse-flower-opening-and-closing.htm. 
  33. ↑ "Corpse Flower at GVSU". Grand Valley State University. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cvh_O6irpM4. 

Wikidata ☰ Q431224 entry




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