Biology:Amorphophallus
| Amorphophallus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) is the Amorphophallus with the largest inflorescence | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Subfamily: | Aroideae |
| Tribe: | Thomsonieae |
| Genus: | Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne. |
| Type species | |
| Amorphophallus campanulatus Decne.[1] | |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Amorphophallus (from Ancient Greek amorphos, "without form, misshapen" + phallos, "penis", referring to the shape of the prominent spadix) is a large genus of some 200 tropical and subtropical tuberous herbaceous plants from the Arum family (Araceae), native to Asia, Africa, Australia and various oceanic islands.[3][4] A few species are edible as "famine foods" after careful preparation to remove irritating chemicals.[5] The genus includes the Titan arum (A. titanum) of Indonesia, which has the largest inflorescence of any plant in the genus, and is also known as the 'corpse flower' for the pungent odour it produces during its flowering period, which can take up through seven years of growth before it occurs.[6]
History
The oldest systematic record of the plants was in 1692, when Van Rheede tot Drakenstein published descriptions of two plants. The name "Amorphophallus" was first mentioned in 1834 by the Dutch botanist Blume.[7] Between 1876 and 1911, Engler merged a number of other genera into Amorphophallus, with a final monograph published in 1911.[7]
Distribution
These are typical lowland plants, growing in the tropical and subtropical zones of the paleotropics, from West Africa through the Pacific Islands. None of them are found in the Americas, although a remarkably similar but not closely related genus, Dracontium, has evolved there. Most species are endemic. They grow preferentially on disturbed grounds, such as secondary forests.[8]
Description
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These small to massive plants grow from a subterranean tuber. Amorphophallus tubers vary greatly from species to species, from the quite uniformly globose tuber of A. konjac to the elongated tubers of A. longituberosus and A. macrorhizus to the bizarre clustered rootstock of A. coaetaneus. The weight of these tubers range from as little as ten grams (3/10ths of an ounce) in Amorphophallus pusillus of Vietnam[9] to as much as 305 pounds (139 kg) for Amorphophallus titanum, a 14,000 fold difference in weight. From the top of this tuber a single leaf, which can be several meters across in larger species, is produced atop a trunk-like petiole followed, on maturity, by a single inflorescence. This leaf consists of a vertical leaf stalk and a horizontal blade, which may consist of a number of small leaflets. The leaf lasts one growing season. The peduncle (the primary flower stalk) can be long or short.
As is typical of the Arum family, these species develop an inflorescence consisting of an elongate or ovate spathe (a sheathing bract) which usually envelops the spadix (a flower spike with a fleshy axis). The spathe can have different colors, but mostly brownish-purple or whitish-green. On the inside, they contain ridges or warts, functioning as insect traps.
The plants are monoecious. The spadix has tiny flowers: female flowers, no more than a pistil, at the bottom, then male flowers, each with one stamen, and then a blank sterile area. This last part, called 'the appendix', consists of sterile flowers, called staminodes, and can be especially large. The flowers do not have corollas.
Mature female flowers are usually receptive for only 1 day. In many species, the inflorescence emits a scent of decaying flesh in order to attract insects, though a number of species give off a pleasant odor. Through a number of ingenious insect traps, pollinating insects that entered a spathe when female flowers were receptive remain inside the spathe for about 1 day while male flowers mature and release pollen. Pollen falls on these insects, and they carry pollen as they exit the spathe and can pollinate female flowers in another spathe. Amorphophallus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including Palpifer sexnotatus and Palpifer sordida.
Pollinated flowers usually each develop into a globose berry, a fruit. The berries are red, orange-red, white, white and yellow, or blue, depending on the species.
Notable species
The species Amorphophallus titanum, 'corpse flower' or titan arum, has the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, with a height of up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) and a width of 1.5 metres (4.9 ft).[citation needed].After an over 1.2 metres (3.9 ft)-tall flower opened at Chicago Botanic Gardens on September 29, 2015, thousands lined up to see and smell it. The floriculturalist described it as smelling "like roadkill, a barnyard, a dirty diaper, very strong, a little bit of mothball smell too". Native to the Indonesian rainforest, it takes about 10 years to blossom. Dubbed "Alice", its bloom was broadcast via live webcam. It is one of two plants at the Chicago Botanic Gardens, which kept open until 2 am on September 30 to accommodate visitors.[10]
A runner-up is Amorphophallus gigas, which is taller, but has a somewhat smaller inflorescence.[citation needed]
Amorphophallus konjac tubers are used to make konnyaku (コンニャク), a Japanese thickening agent and edible jelly containing glucomannan.[citation needed]
Some species are called voodoo-lily, as are some species of Typhonium (also in the Araceae).[11][12]
Taxonomy and systematics
| Amorphophallus Subgenera | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The genus was divided into 4 subgenera based on phylogenetic analysis in 2017,[13] with a number of SE Asian genera currently unplaced:
Subgenus Amorphophallus
| Image | Name | Year | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphophallus adamsensis Magtoto, Mones, Ballada, Austria, R.M.Dizon, Alangui, Regina | 2013 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus angulatus Hett. & A.Vogel | 1994 | Borneo (Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus ardii[14] Yuzammi & Hett. | 2020 | Sulawesi. | |
| Amorphophallus asper (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | Sumatera | |
| Amorphophallus bangkokensis Gagnep. | 1941 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus beccarii Engl. | 1880 | Sumatera | |
| Amorphophallus borneensis (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | Borneo | |
| Amorphophallus boyceanus Hett. | 2001 | Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia | |
| Amorphophallus brachyphyllus Hett. | 2001 | Borneo (Kuching) | |
| Amorphophallus bufo Ridl. | 1909 | Malaysia | |
| Amorphophallus calcicolus Tamayo MN, Magtoto LM, Sumalinog MS, Reyes TD, Austria CM | 2021 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus caudatus Bustamante et al. | 2020 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus cidarioides J.R.Callado, Medecilo & Hett. | 2020 | Philippines | |
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Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. | 1879 | Western India |
| Amorphophallus costatus Hett. | 1994 | Borneo (Sarawak, Kalimantan). | |
| Amorphophallus declinatus Hett. | 1994 | Philippines | |
 |
Amorphophallus decus-silvae Backer & Alderw. : West-Java giant amorphophallus | 1920 | Java |
| Amorphophallus discophorusBacker & Alderw. | 1920 | Java | |
| Amorphophallus eburneus Bogner | 1989 | Borneo (Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus elegans Ridl. | 1922 | Peninsular Malaysia | |
| Amorphophallus flammeus Calaramo, Batuyong, Bulawin & Alejandro | 2022 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus fontarumii N F. Bulawin, M P. Medecilo-Guiang, Grecebio J. D. Alejandro | 2022 | Philippines (Luzon) | |
| Amorphophallus fornicatus Hett., J.R.C.Callado & Wistuba | 2020 | Philippines (Luzon) | |
| Amorphophallus galbraF.M.Bailey | 1893 | New Guinea to N. Australia. | |
 |
Amorphophallus gigas Teijsm. & Binn.: Sumatra giant amorphophallus | 1862 | Sumatra |
 |
Amorphophallus hewittii Alderw. | 1920 | Borneo |
| Amorphophallus hirsutus Teijsm. & Binn. | 1862 | Nicobar Islands, W. Sumatra | |
| Amorphophallus hottae Bogner & Hett. | 1992 | Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak). | |
| Amorphophallus infundibuliformis Hett., A.Dearden & A.Vogel | 1994 | Borneo | |
| Amorphophallus julaihii Ipor, Tawan & P.C.Boyce | 2004 | Borneo (Sarawak). | |
| Amorphophallus juliae P.C.Boyce & Hett. | 2010 | Borneo (Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus koratensis Gagnep. | 1941 | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus lambii Mayo & Widjaja | 1982 | Borneo | |
| Amorphophallus linguiformis Hett. | 1994 | Borneo (Kalimantan). | |
 |
Amorphophallus longispathaceus Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | Philippines (Mindanao) |
| Amorphophallus longistylus Kurz ex Hook.f. | 1893 | Andaman Islands. | |
| Amorphophallus luzoniensis Merr. | 1915 | Philippines (Luzon) | |
| Amorphophallus manta Hett. & Ittenbach | 1994 | Sumatra to Peninsula Malaysia. | |
| Amorphophallus merrilliiK.Krause | 1912 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus minimus R.Bustam., C.Claudel & M.N.Tamay | 2021 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus myosuroides Hett. & A.Galloway | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus niahensis P.C.Boyce & Hett. | 2010 | Borneo (Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus obovoideus Alderw. | 1922 | Sumatra | |
| Amorphophallus obscurus Hett. & Sizemore | 2001 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus ongsakulii Hett. & A.Galloway | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus opertus Hett. | 1994 | Vietnam | |
 |
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson: Whitespot giant arum, elephant yam | 1977 | Andaman Island, Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sundas Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Guinea, Northern Territory, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam |
| Amorphophallus palawanensis Bogner & Hett. | 1992 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus pendulus Bogner & Mayo: Brunei amorphophallus | 1986 | Borneo (Brunei, Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus plicatus Bok & H.J.Lam | 1936 | Sulawesi. | |
| Amorphophallus polyanthus Hett. & Sizemore | 2001 | Thailand | |
 |
Amorphophallus prainii Hook.f. | 1893 | Laos, Malaya, Sumatera, Thailand |
| Amorphophallus pulchellus Hett. & Schuit. | 2013 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus pusillus Hett. & Serebryanyi | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus ranchanensis Ipor, A.Simon & Meekiong | 2007 | Borneo (Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus rayongii Hett. & Medecilo | 2020 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus rostratus Hett. | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus rugosus Hett. & A.Lamb | 1994 | Borneo (Sabah) | |
| Amorphophallus sagittarius Steenis | 1953 | Java | |
| Amorphophallus salmoneus Hett. | 1994 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus scaber Serebryanyi & Hett. | 1994 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus serrulatus Hett. & A.Galloway | 2006 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus spectabilis (Miq.) Engl. | 1879 | Java | |
| Amorphophallus sumawongii (Bogner) Bogner & Mayo | 1985 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus terrestris Hett. & Claudel | 2012 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus tinekeae Hett. & A.Vogel | 2001 | Borneo | |
 |
Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. ex Arcang: Titan arum, krubi (largest flower structure on earth) | 1879 | Sumatra |
| Amorphophallus urceolatus Hett., A.Galloway & Medecilo | 2020 | Philippines | |
 |
Amorphophallus variabilis Blume | 1873 | Jawa to Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippines |
| Amorphophallus venustus Hett., A.Hay & Mood | 2001 | Borneo | |
| Amorphophallus verticillatus Hett. | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus yaoi Hett., A.Galloway & Medecilo | 2020 | Philippines |
Subgenus Scutrandrium Hett. & Claudel
| Image | Name | Year | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphophallus albispathus Hett. | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus albus P.Y.Liu & J.F.Chen | 1984 | China (Sichuan, Yunnan). | |
| Amorphophallus annulifer Hett. | 1994 | Java | |
| Amorphophallus asterostigmatus Bogner & Hett. | 1992 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus bognerianus Sivad. & Jaleel | 2009 | India (Arunachal Pradesh) | |
| Amorphophallus carneus Ridl. | 1904 | Malayasia, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus chlorospathus Kurz ex Hook.f. | 1893 | India, Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus coudercii (Bogner) Bogner | 1985 | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus curvistylis Hett. | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus echinatus Bogner & Mayo | 1985 | Thailand. | |
 |
Amorphophallus excentricus Hett. | 1994 | Thailand, Malaysia (Pulau Langkawi) |
| Amorphophallus fallax (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel | 2012 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus flotoi (S.Y.Hu) Govaerts | 2018 | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus fuscus Hett. | 2006 | Thailand. | |
| Amorphophallus glaucophyllus Hett. & Serebryanyi | 2006 | Thailand. | |
| Amorphophallus haematospadix Hook.f. | 1893 | Thailand, Malaysia (Pulau Langkawi) | |
| Amorphophallus hohenackeri (Schott) Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | India | |
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Amorphophallus kachinensis Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand |
 |
Amorphophallus konjac K.Koch: Devil's tongue, elephant foot, elephant-yam, leopard palm, snake palm, umbrella arum, voodoo lily | 1858 | China (Yunnan) |
| Amorphophallus khammouanensis A.Galloway | 2015 | Laos. | |
| Amorphophallus krausei Engl. | 1911 | China (Yunnan), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus kuznetsovii (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel | 2012 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus lacourii Linden & André | 1878 | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus lanceolatus (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel | 2012 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus longituberosus (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | Bangladesh, Malaya, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus macrophyllus (Gagnep. ex Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel | 2012 | Thailand, Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus maxwellii Hett. | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus nicolsonianus Sivadasan | 1986 | India (Kerala). | |
| Amorphophallus napalensis (Wall.) Bogner & Mayo | 1985 | Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, and India | |
| Amorphophallus purpurascens Kurz ex Hook.f. | 1893 | Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus ravenii V.D.Nguyen & Hett. | 2018 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus rhizomatosus Hett. | 1994 | Laos, Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus saraburensis Gagnep. | 1941 | Thailand. | |
| Amorphophallus schmidtiae Hett. & A.Galloway | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus scutatus Hett. & T.C.Chapm. | 2001 | Thailand. | |
| Amorphophallus smithsonianus Sivadasan | 1989 | India | |
| Amorphophallus tenuistylis Hett. | 1994 | Cambodia, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus tenuispadix Hett. | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus wasa Naive,K.Z.Hein & Hett. | 2022 | Myanmar |
Subgenus Metandrium Stapf.
| Image | Name | Year | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphophallus aberrans Hett. | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus amygdaloides Hett. & Sizemore | 2001 | SW. Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus angustispathus Hett. | 1994 | Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus atrorubens Hett. & Sizemore | 2001 | NE. Thailand. | |
 |
Amorphophallus atroviridis Hett. | 1994 | central Thailand |
| Amorphophallus bonaccordensis Sivad. & N.Mohanan | 1994 | Kerala | |
| Amorphophallus brevispathus Gagnep. | 1941 | Central Thailand | |
 |
Amorphophallus bulbifer (Schott) Blume | 1837 | Indian Subcontinent to Myanmar |
| Amorphophallus carnosus Engl. | 1911 | S. Andaman Islands | |
| Amorphophallus cicatricifer Hett. | 1994 | SW. Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus cirrifer Stapf | 1924 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus coaetaneus S.Y.Liu & S.J.Wei | 1986 | China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus croatii Hett. & A.Galloway | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus cruddasianus Prain | 1898 | Laos, Myanmar, Thailand | |
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Amorphophallus dunnii Tutcher | 1911 | SE. China |
| Amorphophallus dzui Hett. | 2001 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus elatus Hook.f. | 1893 | Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus gallowayi Hett. | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus glossophyllus Hett. | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus harmandii Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | Indochina | |
| Amorphophallus hayi Hett. | 1994 | SE China, northern Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus henryi N.E.Br. (Taiwan amorphophallus) |
1903 | Taiwan | |
 |
Amorphophallus hirtus N.E.Br. | 1903 | Taiwan |
| Amorphophallus interruptus Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | northern Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus josefbogneri Hett. | 2006 | SW. Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus kiusianus (Makino) Makino | 1913 | SE. China, Japan (Shikoku, S. Kyushu) to Taiwan | |
| Amorphophallus konkanensis Hett., S.R.Yadav & K.S.Patil | 1994 | India | |
| Amorphophallus lanuginosus Hett. | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus laoticus Hett. | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus linearis Gagnep. | 1941 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus longicomus Hett. & Serebryanyi | 2001 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus longiconnectivus Bogner | 1995 | India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra) | |
| Amorphophallus lunatus Hett. & Sizemore | 2006 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus macrorhizus Craib | 1912 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus margaritifer (Roxb.) Kunth | 1837 | Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus mirabilis K.Z.Hein, Naive, Serebryanyi & Hett. | 2023 | Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus muelleri Blume | 1837 | Assam, Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Myanmar, Sumatera, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus mysorensis E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch. | 1940 | India | |
| Amorphophallus napiger Gagnep. | 1941 | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus natolii Hett., Wistuba, V.B.Amoroso, Medecilo & Claudel | 2012 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus ochroleucus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen | 2001 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain ex Hook.f. | 1893 | Andaman Islands (Coco Islands) | |
| Amorphophallus operculatus Hett. & Sizemore | 2003 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus pilosus Hett. | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus prolificus Hett. & A.Galloway | 2006 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus putii Gagnep. | 1941 | Myanmar, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus pygmaeus Hett. | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus reflexus Hett. & A.Galloway | 2006 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus sakonnakhonensis Chatan & Promprom | 2023 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus saururus Hett. | 2001 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus shyamsalilianum J.V. Gadpayale, S.R. Somkuwar & A.A. Chaturvedi | 2017 | India | |
| Amorphophallus sinuatus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen | 2003 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus sizemoreae Hett. | 2001 | Thailand. | |
 |
Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth | 1841 | India, Sri Lanka |
| Amorphophallus symonianus Hett. & Sizemore | 2001 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus synandrifer Hett. & V.D.Nguyen | 2001 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus thaiensis (S.Y.Hu) Hett. | 2012 | northern Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus tonkinensis Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | Yunnan, northern Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus tuberculatus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen | 2006 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus vogelianus Hett. & Billensteiner | 2003 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus xiei H.Li & Z.L.Dao | 2006 | China (W. Yunnan) | |
| Amorphophallus yuloensis H.Li | 1998 | China (Yunnan), Myanmar | |
 |
Amorphophallus yunnanensis Engl. (Kerri's giant arum) |
1911 | China, Laos, northern Thailand and Vietnam |
Subgenus Afrophallus Hett. & Claudel
| Image | Name | Year | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Amorphophallus abyssinicus (A.Rich.) N.E.Br. | 1901 | southern Ethiopia |
| Amorphophallus andranogidroensis Hett. & Mangelsdorff | 2006 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus angolensis (Welw. ex Schott) N.E.Br. | 1901 | Angola, Cabinda, Gabon, Sudan, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus ankarana Hett., Ittenbach & Bogner | 1999 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus antsingyensis Bogner, Hett. & Ittenbach | 1999 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus aphyllus (Hook.) Hutch. | 1936 | Burkina, Central African Repu, Chad, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo | |
_(24076088639).jpg) |
Amorphophallus barthlottii Ittenb. & Lobin | 1997 | Ivory Coast, Liberia |
| Amorphophallus baumannii (Engl.) N.E.Br. | 1901 | Benin, Burkina, Central African Repu, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo | |
| Amorphophallus bequaertii De Wild. | 1922 | Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus calabaricus N.E.Br. | 1901 | Benin, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus canaliculatus Ittenb., Hett. & Lobin | 1997 | Gabon | |
| Amorphophallus consimilis Blume | 1837 | Gambia, Senegal | |
 |
Amorphophallus dracontioides (Engl.) N.E.Br. | 1901 | Benin, Burkina, Central African Repu, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Togo |
| Amorphophallus eichleri (Engl.) Hook.f. | 1889 | Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus elliottii Hook.f. | 1894 | Sierra Leone | |
| Amorphophallus erythrorrhachis Hett., O. Pronk & R. Kaufmann | 2014 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus gallaensis (Engl.) N.E.Br. | 1901 | Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia | |
| Amorphophallus gomboczianus Pic.Serm. | 1950 | Ethiopia | |
| Amorphophallus goetzei (Engl.) N.E.Br. | 1901 | Mozambique, Tanzania, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus gracilior Hutch. | 1939 | Benin, Nigeria | |
| Amorphophallus hetterscheidii Ittenb. & Lobin | 1997 | Central African Republic, Gabon, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus hildebrandtii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus impressus Ittenb. | 1997 | Malawi, Tanzania | |
| Amorphophallus johnsonii N.E.Br. | 1901 | Benin, Burkina, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali | |
| Amorphophallus lewallei Malaisse & Bamps | 1993 | Burundi | |
| Amorphophallus mangelsdorffii Bogner | 2003 | Madagascar. | |
| Amorphophallus margretae Ittenb. | 1997 | Zaïre | |
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Amorphophallus maximus (Engl.) N.E.Br. | 1901 | Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe |
| Amorphophallus mildbraedii K.Krause | 1924 | Cameroon | |
 |
Amorphophallus mossambicensis (Schott ex Garcke) N.E.Br. | 1901 | Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe |
| Amorphophallus mullendersii Malaisse & Bamps | 1993 | Angola, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus perrieri Hett. & Wahlert | 2014 | Madagascar. | |
| Amorphophallus preussii (Engl.) N.E.Br. | 1901 | Cameroon | |
| Amorphophallus richardsiae Ittenb. | 1997 | Zambia | |
| Amorphophallus staudtii(Engl.) N.E.Br. | 1901 | Cameroon, Congo | |
| Amorphophallus stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | Kenya, Tanzania, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus taurostigma Ittenb., Hett. & Bogner | 1999 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus teuszii (Engl.) Mottet | 1892 | Angola, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus zenkeri (Engl.) N.E.Br. | 1901 | Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Is., Nigeria |
Subgenus unplaced
- Amorphophallus forbesii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. - Sumatra
- Amorphophallus gliruroides Engl. - Myanmar
- Amorphophallus incurvatus Alderw. - Sumatra
- Amorphophallus lyratus (Roxb.) Kunth - SE India
- Amorphophallus mekongensis Engl. & Gehrm. - Indochina
- Amorphophallus minor Ridl. - Peninsula Malaysia
- Amorphophallus paucisectus Alderw. - Sumatra
- Amorphophallus perakensis Engl. - Peninsula Malaysia
References
- ↑ Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne. | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2023, from https://www.ipni.org/n/331135-2
- ↑ "Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne.". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331135-2.
- ↑ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ↑ Sedayu, A., C. M. Eurlings, Gravendeel, B., & Hetterscheid, W. (2010). Morphological character evolution of Amorphophallus (Araceae) based on a combined phylogenetic analysis of trnL, rbcL and LEAFY second intron sequences. Botanical Studies, 51, 473–490.
- ↑ "Robert L. Freedman, The famine foods database". http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/faminefoods/ff_families/araceae.html.
- ↑ "Titan arum" (in en). 2018-02-04. https://www.edenproject.com/learn/for-everyone/plant-profiles/titan-arum.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hetterscheid, W., & Ittenbach, S. (1990). Everything you always wanted to know about Amorphophallus but were afraid to stick your nose into! Aroideana, 19, 17-20.
- ↑ Design, UBC Web. "Bulbs, White, House, Nursery" (in en). https://www.whitehousenursery.com.au/.
- ↑ Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids - Plants of the Arum Family. Portland: Timber Press. p. 236.
- ↑ "Thousands line up to see huge stinky flower" (video). Reuters. 30 September 2015. https://www.reuters.com/video/2015/09/30/thousands-line-up-to-see-huge-stinky-flo?videoId=365778165&videoChannel=118169. "Chicago's floral celebrity is over four feet tall, incredibly rare, and smells like death"
- ↑ "Voodoo Lily, Amorphophallus konjac" (in en-US). Master Gardener Program. https://wimastergardener.org/article/voodoo-lily-amorphophallus-konjac/.
- ↑ "Pacific Bulb Society | Sauromatum". http://pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Sauromatum.
- ↑ Claudel, Cyrille; Buerki, Sven; Chatrou, Lars W.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Alvarez, Nadir; Hetterscheid, Wilbert (2017-05-01). "Large-scale phylogenetic analysis of Amorphophallus (Araceae) derived from nuclear and plastid sequences reveals new subgeneric delineation". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (Oxford University Press (OUP)) 184 (1): 32–45. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/box013. ISSN 0024-4074.
- ↑ Yuzammi, Yuzammi (October 2020). A new species of Amorphophallus (Araceae—Thomsoniaea) from Sulawesi, Indonesia. pp. 295–300. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.461.4.6. https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.461.4.6.
- Hetterscheid, W.L.A. 1994. Preliminary taxonomy and morphology of Amorphophallus Blume ex Decaisne (Araceae). In: M.M. Serebreyanyi (ed.), Proc. Moscow Aroid Conference 1992: 35-48. Moscow.
- Hetterscheid, W.L.A. & G.J.C.M. v. Vliet, 1996. Amorphophallus, giant from the forest. CITES/C&M, 2(4): 86-96.
External links
- List of Amorphophallus species with photos from the International Aroid Society
- CATE genus page
- Amorphophallus in Brunken, U., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Janssen, T., Thiombiano, A. & Zizka, G. 2008. West African plants - A Photo Guide. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt/Main.
Wikidata ☰ Q132651 entry
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