Biology:Amplectobeluidae

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Amplectobeluidae is a clade of Cambrian radiodonts. It currently includes five definitive genera, Amplectobelua, Lyrarapax, Ramskoeldia, Guanshancaris and a currently unnamed genus from the lower Cambrian aged Sirius Passet site in Greenland.[1] There is also a potential fifth genus, Houcaris, but that genus has become problematic in terms of its taxonomic placement.[2][3]

Definition

In 2014, Amplectobeluidae was defined as the most inclusive clade including Amplectobelua symbrachiata but not Anomalocaris canadensis, Tamisiocaris borealis, or Hurdia victoria.[4]

Description

Amplectobeluids could be recognized by frontal appendages with well-developed first distal endite, which forming a pincer-like structure that presumably better suited for a grasping function.[4][5] Complete body fossils of amplectobeluids are only known by Amplectobelua and Lyrarapax, both showing combination of characters resembling Anomalocaris (i.e. streamlined body; small head with ovoid sclerites; well-developed swimming flaps; a pair of caudal furcae).[6][7][8][9][10] Another distinctive features only known in amplectobeluid genera were pairs of gnathobase-like structures (known by Amplectobelua and Ramskoeldia),[9][11] or an oral cone with combination of tetraradial arrangement and scale-like nodes (known by Lyrarapax and Guanshancaris).[8][12][13]

Classification

Early in 2014, "Anomalocaris" kunmingensis was tentatively assigned to Amplectobelua by Vinther et al.[4] Later that year, however, the discoverers of Lyrarapax unguispinus ignored that assessment and created a genus within Amplectobelua sensu Vinther et al.[7] An indeterminate frontal appendage assignable to this group is known from the Parker Slate of Vermont.[14]

Phylogeny

An a posteriori-weighted phylogenetic analysis in 2014 found the following relationships within the Amplectobeluidae:[7]

 
 

NIGP 154565

 
 

"Anomalocaris" saron

 
 
 
 

"Anomalocaris" kunmingensis

 
 
 

Lyrarapax unguispinus

 
 
 

Amplectobelua symbrachiata

 
 

Amplectobelua stephenensis

 
 
 
 

References

  1. ↑ Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Nielsen, Morten Lunde; Parry, Luke A.; Sørensen, Martin Vinther; Lee, Mirinae; Kihm, Ji-Hoon; Ahn, Inhye; Park, Changkun et al. (2024-01-05). "A giant stem-group chaetognath" (in en). Science Advances 10 (1). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adi6678. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 10796117. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adi6678. 
  2. ↑ Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fangchen; Zhu, Maoyan (2022-09-07). "Innovatiocaris, a complete radiodont from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte and its implications for the phylogeny of Radiodonta". Journal of the Geological Society 180. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-164. ISSN 0016-7649. 
  3. ↑ McCall, Christian (13 December 2023). "A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada". Journal of Paleontology 97 (5): 1009–1024. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.63. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/large-pelagic-lobopodian-from-the-cambrian-pioche-shale-of-nevada/11B0704C49A7730AA3E8F46EB2CA1C95. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "A suspension-feeding anomalocarid from the Early Cambrian". Nature 507 (7493): 496–9. March 2014. doi:10.1038/nature13010. PMID 24670770. Bibcode: 2014Natur.507..496V. http://dro.dur.ac.uk/21270/1/21270.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "New anatomical information on Anomalocaris from the Cambrian Emu Bay Shale and a reassessment of its inferred predatory habits". Palaeontology 56 (5): 971–990. 2013. doi:10.1111/pala.12029. 
  6. ↑ "Evidence for monophyly and arthropod affinity of Cambrian giant predators". Science 264 (5163): 1304–8. May 1994. doi:10.1126/science.264.5163.1304. PMID 17780848. Bibcode: 1994Sci...264.1304C. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Brain structure resolves the segmental affinity of anomalocaridid appendages". Nature 513 (7519): 538–42. September 2014. doi:10.1038/nature13486. PMID 25043032. Bibcode: 2014Natur.513..538C. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan". National Science Review 5 (6): 863–869. 2018-11-01. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwy057. ISSN 2095-5138. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "The functional head of the Cambrian radiodontan (stem-group Euarthropoda) Amplectobelua symbrachiata". BMC Evolutionary Biology 17 (1): 208. August 2017. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1049-1. PMID 28854872. 
  10. ↑ "A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources". Proceedings. Biological Sciences 286 (1908). August 2019. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1079. PMID 31362637. 
  11. ↑ "New radiodonts with gnathobase-like structures from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota and implications for the systematics of Radiodonta" (in en). Papers in Palaeontology 4 (4): 605–621. 2018. doi:10.1002/spp2.1219. ISSN 2056-2802. https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_A3714F0A56F0.P001/REF.pdf. 
  12. ↑ "A new radiodontan oral cone with a unique combination of anatomical features from the early Cambrian Guanshan Lagerstätte, eastern Yunnan, South China" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 92 (1): 40–48. 2018. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.77. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2018JPal...92...40Z. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-radiodontan-oral-cone-with-a-unique-combination-of-anatomical-features-from-the-early-cambrian-guanshan-lagerstatte-eastern-yunnan-south-china/538DF297E686AA758BD4C4FB609D5770. 
  13. ↑ "The endemic radiodonts of the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan biota of South China" (in en). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66. 2021. doi:10.4202/app.00870.2020. ISSN 0567-7920. 
  14. ↑ Pari, Giovanni; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Gaines, Robert R. (2022-02-16). "The soft-bodied biota of the Cambrian Series 2 Parker Quarry Lagerstätte of northwestern Vermont, USA". Journal of Paleontology 96 (4): 770–790. doi:10.1017/jpa.2021.125. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2022JPal...96..770P. 

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