Biology:Andropogon gayanus
| Andropogon gayanus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
| Genus: | Andropogon |
| Species: | A. gayanus
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| Binomial name | |
| Andropogon gayanus Kunth
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Andropogon gayanus. commonly known as gamba grass, Rhodesian blue grass, tambuki grass, and other names, is a species of grass native to most of the tropical and subtropical savannas of Africa.
History and naming
Andropogon gayanus was recognised and named by 1833.[1] Its common names include gamba grass, bluestem (Africa, Australia); Rhodesian andropogon (southern Africa); Rhodesian blue grass (Zimbabwe); onga, tambuki grass (north-west Africa); and sadabahar (India).[2]
Description
This tufting perennial bunchgrass can grow 4 m (13 ft) tall and 70 cm (2.3 ft) in diameter, and has hairy leaves. Most of its roots are fibrous,[2] spreading close to the surface of the soil for up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in),[3] but it also has thick cord roots which store starch and anchor the plant as well as vertical roots able to extract water from a greater depth during the dry season.[2]
It produces large numbers of light, fluffy seeds (up to 244,000 seeds each year, with 65% viability[3]), which can be spread by wind, animals or machinery.[2] It spreads rapidly where vegetation is disturbed, but most seeds fall within 5 m (16 ft) of the parent plant.[3]
Habitat
The grass is native to most of the tropical and subtropical savannas of Africa,[4] also extending southwards into Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia and South Africa in regions with long dry seasons. It occurs naturally in xerophytic grasslands on doleritic, sandy or clay soils, at altitudes of up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), and is very drought-tolerant. However it does not do well where mean minimum temperatures dip below 4.4 degrees Celsius, and it is not frost-tolerant.[2]
However, it has been introduced to many parts of the world, including tropical countries of the Americas, and has naturalised in Brazil [2] and other countries. It was mainly introduced for use as an improved pasture plant.[3]
Gamba grass was introduced into the Northern Territory of Australia in 1931 for trial as cattle feed,[5] and was imported into the state of Queensland as a pasture grass in 1942, but was not planted on a large scale until about 1983. Almost all known locations in Queensland are in areas below 980 m (3,220 ft) altitude that receive 400–1,500 mm (16–59 in) annual rainfall.[3]
Uses
A. gayanus is used as a pasture crop for cattle in many countries,[2] including in far north Queensland in Australia.[3] and has been used in Nigeria to reclaim land that has been overgrazed.[2]
Strips of the grass planted in millet fields help to reduce wind erosion of the soil.[2]
In some African countries, the stems are used as thatch.[2] and for making pen.
Environmental impact
It has been declared a noxious species, officially a "Weed of national significance" in Australia since 2012,[6][2][5] where it forms dense patches, out-competing native species and altering ecosystems. Areas of dense infestation have a significantly higher fire risk than native pastures.[7][8] It is highly resistant to both cutting and fire, and ungrazed tussocks can generate very intense fires,[2] leading to loss of tree cover and long-term environmental damage. It replaces native grasses, reducing natural biodiversity on ungrazed land. Being highly invasive, it can move into conservation areas, semi-urban residential land and mining leases.[3]
In the NT, where there are large swathes of the plant between Darwin, Northern Territory and Katherine, conservationist Mitch Hart described gamba grass as a "triple threat": to people's lives, to the economy of Territory, and the potential destruction of Australia's northern savanna,[5]
Control measures
WA, NT and Queensland have state legislation which prohibits planting of new plants, and compels land managers to control infestations.[6]
David Bowman, a professor of environmental change biology at the University of Tasmania suggested in 2013 that the introduction of African elephants to Australia could be considered to control the gamba grass, as a rewilding trial.[9]
The state of Western Australia, where infestations have not been as widespread as the NT and Queensland, established the Gamba Grass Eradication Program, a collaborative project supported by the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, El Questro Station and Kimberley Rangelands Biosecurity Association. The control program, started in 2011, has been highly successful, reducing the numbers of plants to 3,000 by 2018, and just 23 by 2020. They found only eight plants in the 2021 wet season. However it receives no funding from the federal government, and monitoring is necessary for a further five years to ensure that it does not spread again.[5]
References
- ↑ Kunth, Karl Sigismund (1833). Enumeratio plantarum omnium hucusque cognitarum : secundum familias naturales disposita, adjectis characteribus, differentiis et synonymis. v.1 (1833). Stutgardiae,et Tubingae: sumtibus J.G. Cottae. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/134934.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 "Andropogon gayanus". Tropical Forages. http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Andropogon_gayanus.htm.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus)". Business Queensland. Queensland Government. 30 October 2015. https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/agriculture/land-management/health-pests-weeds-diseases/weeds-diseases/invasive-plants/restricted/gamba-grass.
Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. [1]
- ↑ Bowden, B.N. (July 1964). "Studies on Andropogon gayanus Kunth: III. An outline of its biology". Journal of Ecology 52 (2): 255–271. doi:10.2307/2257594.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Snow, Madison (21 February 2022). "WA on cusp of eradicating gamba grass as Queensland and Northern Territory battle to contain it". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-21/gamba-grass-eradication-close-in-wa-/100836152.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Invasive pasture grasses in northern Australia - Gamba grass". Australian Government. https://www.awe.gov.au/environment/biodiversity/threatened/threat-abatement-advices/invasive-pasture-grasses-gamba-grass.
- ↑ Lesley Head, Jennifer Atchison. 2015. Governing invasive plants: Policy and practice in managing the Gambagrass (Andropogon gayanus) – Bushfire nexus in northern Australia. Land Use Policy 47: 225–234
- ↑ Neale, Timothy (2019-10-02). "A Sea of Gamba: Making Environmental Harm Illegible in Northern Australia" (in en). Science as Culture 28 (4): 403–426. doi:10.1080/09505431.2018.1552933. ISSN 0950-5431.
- ↑ Smith, Carl Elliott (23 December 2013). "Rewilding: should we introduce lions and Komodo dragons to Australia?". https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/futuretense/rewilding/4797634.
External links
- Andropogon gayanus. National Weeds Strategy.
Wikidata ☰ Q2112248 entry
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