Biology:Animal identification
Animal identification using a means of marking is a process done to identify and track specific animals. It is done for a variety of reasons including verification of ownership, biosecurity control, and tracking for research or agricultural purposes.
History
Individual identification of animals by means of body markings has been practiced for over 3,800 years, as stated in Code of Hammurabi.[1] The first official identification systems are documented as far as the 18th century. In Uruguay for instance maintained at that time a register of hot brands.[2]
Methods
Biometrics
Birds
- Leg rings
- Wing tags
- Microchip implants (parrots)
- Telemetry (falconry birds)
Sheep
- Freeze branding
- Branding (hot-iron)
- Collar
- Earmarking
- Ear tags (non-electronic)
- Ear tags (electronic)
- Semi-permanent paint
Pigs
- Collars (electronic and non-electronic)
- Earmarking
- Ear tags (non-electronic)
- Ear tags (electronic)
- Semi-permanent paint
- Tattoo (see animal tattoo)
Horses
- Collars (non-electronic)
- Branding (hot-iron)
- Branding (freeze)
- Microchip implants
- Lip tattoo
Cattle
- Anklets
- Branding (freeze)
- Branding (hot-iron)
- Collars (electronic and non-electronic)
- Earmarking
- Ear tags (non-electronic)
- Ear tags (electronic)
- Rumen bolus (electronic)
- Cowbell
Dogs
- Collar
- Microchip implants
- Tattoo
Laboratory mice
- Earmarking (notching or punching)
- Ear tags (nickel, copper or scannable 2D barcode tags)
- Microchip implants
- Hair dye
- Manual tattoos (tail, foot pad or ears)
- Automated tail tattoos[4]
Fish
- Microchip implants
- Fin clipping
- Coded wire tag
- Passive integrated transponder
- Acoustic tag
- Visible implant elastomer (VIE)
Marine mammals
- Transponders
- Adhesive tags
Amphibians
- Microchip implants
- Toe clippings
- Passive integrated transponder
- Visible implant elastomer (VIE)[5]
Invertebrates
- Adhesive tags
- Semi-permanent paint
National animal identification schemes
- British Cattle Movement Service in Britain
- National Animal Identification and Tracing in New Zealand
- National Animal Identification System in the United States
- National Livestock Identification System in Australia
Wildlife photo-identification
Photo-identification is a technique used to identify and track individuals of a wild animal study population over time. It relies on capturing photographs of distinctive characteristics such as skin or pelage patterns or scars from the animal. In cetaceans, the dorsal fin area and tail flukes are commonly used.
Photo-identification is generally used as an alternative to other, invasive methods of tagging that require attaching a device to each individual. The technique enables precise counting, rather than rough estimation, of the number of animals in a population. It also allows researchers to perform longitudinal studies of individuals over many years, yielding data about the lifecycle, lifespan, migration patterns, and social relationships of the animals.
Species that are studied using photo-identification techniques include:
- Killer whales
- Humpback whales
- Whale sharks[6]
- Manta rays[7] - see Manta Matcher
- Octopuses (Wunderpus photogenicus)[8]
- Salamanders[9]
- Giraffes[10]
Footnotes
Gallery
Great frigatebird with a wing tag
Bird ring
Sheep with an earmark
Pig with earmark
Horse with a brand
Santa Gertudis cattle with electronic and non-electronic ear tags
Calf with a non-electronic ear tag, numbered collar and transponder (blue device)
Bear with an ear tag and transponder
Tattoo inside a Greyhound's ear
Dog collar with dog license and other dog tags
A microchip implant and applicator
A laboratory mouse with an ear tag
Fish with a transponder
Harbour seal with a transponder
Common seal with an adhesive tag
European queen honey bee marked with a paint spot surrounded by Africanised honeybees
Sheep with painted number
Monarch butterfly tagged with a sticker
Mussels being tagged
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References
- ↑ Blancou, J (2001). "A history of the traceability of animals and animal products". Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) 20 (2): 413–25. PMID 11548516.
- ↑ "Allflex Corporate Web Site - the history of livestock identification". http://www.allflex-group.com/front-offices/anglais/119-the_history_of_livestock_identification.aspx?idparentnode=120.
- ↑ White, Anna (April 2019). "The High-Tech, Humane Ways Biologists Can Identify Animals". Smithsonian. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/high-tech-humane-ways-biologists-identify-animals-180971632/.
- ↑ Bell, J.. "Labstamp system.". Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150226141008/http://actstraining.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/1115-2011-August-Labstamp-Power-Point-for-demos.pdf. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
- ↑ Fouilloux, Chloe; Garcia-Costoya, Guillermo; Rojas, Bibiana (2020). "Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) Success in Early Larval Stages of a Tropical Amphibian Species". PeerJ 8: e9630. doi:10.7717/peerj.9630. PMID 32864207.
- ↑ ECOCEAN Whale Shark Photo-identification Library
- ↑ The Manta Network
- ↑ Wunderpix Photo ID project
- ↑ Gamble, Lloyd; Ravela, Sai; McGarigal, Kevin (2007-08-29). "Multi-scale features for identifying individuals in large biological databases: an application of pattern recognition technology to the marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum: Identifying individual marbled salamanders" (in en). Journal of Applied Ecology 45 (1): 170–180. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01368.x.
- ↑ Lee, Derek E.; Lohay, George G.; Cavener, Douglas R.; Bond, Monica L. (2022-09-06). "Using spot pattern recognition to examine population biology, evolutionary ecology, sociality, and movements of giraffes: a 70-year retrospective" (in en). Mammalian Biology. doi:10.1007/s42991-022-00261-3. ISSN 1618-1476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-022-00261-3.
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