Biology:Anise

From HandWiki
Short description: Species of flowering plant
This article is about the Pimpinella species (not to be confused with star anise, Illicium verum, or with Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum).

Anise
Koehler1887-PimpinellaAnisum.jpg
1897 illustration[1]
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Pimpinella
Species:
P. anisum
Binomial name
Pimpinella anisum
Synonyms

Anise (/ˈænɪs/;[3] Pimpinella anisum), also called aniseed or rarely anix[4] is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae[2] native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia.[5]

The flavor and aroma of its seeds have similarities with some other spices and herbs, such as star anise,[4] fennel, licorice, and tarragon. It is widely cultivated and used to flavor food, candy, and alcoholic drinks, especially around the Mediterranean.

Etymology

The name "anise" is derived via Old French from the Latin words anīsum or anēthum from Greek ἄνηθον ánēthon referring to dill.[6][7]

An obsolete English word for anise is anet, also coming from anīsum.[8]

Botany

Anise is an herbaceous annual plant growing to 60–90 centimetres (2–3 feet) or more. The leaves at the base of the plant are simple, 1–5 cm (3⁄8–2 inches) long and shallowly lobed, while leaves higher on the stems are feathery or lacy, pinnate, divided into numerous small leaflets.[9]

Both leaves and flowers are produced in large, loose clusters. The flowers are either white or yellow, approximately 3 millimetres (1⁄8 in) in diameter, produced in dense umbels.

The fruit is a dry oblong and curved schizocarp, 4–6 mm (1⁄6–1⁄4 in) long, usually called "aniseed".[9][10]

  • Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney

  • Fruits in hand for scale

  • Fruits (aniseed)

  • Close-up of fruits

  • Cross-section of fruit

Ecology

Anise is a food plant for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths), including the lime-speck pug and wormwood pug.[11]

Cultivation

Anise was first cultivated in Egypt and the Middle East, and was brought to Europe for its medicinal value.[12] It has been cultivated in Egypt for approximately 4,000 years.[13]

Anise plants grow best in light, fertile, well-drained soil. The seeds should be planted as soon as the ground warms up in spring. Because the plants have a taproot, they do not transplant well after being established so they should either be started in their final location or be transplanted while the seedlings are still small.[14]

Production

Western cuisines have long used anise to flavor dishes, drinks, and candies. The word is used for both the species of herb and its licorice-like flavor. The most powerful flavor component of the essential oil of anise, anethole, is found in both anise and an unrelated spice indigenous to South China[15] called star anise (Illicium verum) widely used in South Asian, Southeast Asian and East Asian dishes. Star anise is considerably less expensive to produce and has gradually displaced P. anisum in Western markets. While formerly produced in larger quantities, by 1999 world production of the essential oil of anise was only 8 tons, compared to 400 tons of star anise.[16]

Uses

Composition

As with all spices, the composition of anise varies considerably with origin and cultivation method. These are typical values for the main constituents.[17]

Moisture: 9–13%
Protein: 18%
Fatty oil: 8–23%
Essential oil: 2–7%
Starch: 5%
N-free extract: 22–28%
Crude fibre: 12–25%

In particular, the anise seeds products should also contain more than 0.2 milliliter volatile oil per 100 grams of spice.[18]

Culinary

An unwrapped 'Troach drop', purchased at the Black Country Living Museum in the English Midlands, where such sweets are traditional

Anise is sweet and aromatic, distinguished by its characteristic flavor.[10] The seeds, whole or ground, are used for preparation of teas and tisanes (alone or in combination with other aromatic herbs), as well many regional and ethnic confectioneries, including black jelly beans (often marketed as licorice-flavored), British aniseed balls, aniseed twists[19] and "troach" drops, Australian humbugs, New Zealand aniseed wheels, Italian pizzelle and biscotti, German Pfeffernüsse and Springerle, Austrian Anisbögen, Dutch muisjes, New Mexican bizcochitos and Peruvian picarones.[citation needed]

The culinary uses of anise are not limited only to sweets and confections, as it is a key ingredient in Mexican atole de anís and champurrado, which is similar to hot chocolate.[citation needed] In India and Pakistan , it is taken as a digestive after meals, used in brines in the Italian region of Apulia and as a flavoring agent in Italian sausage, pepperoni and other Italian processed meat products.[20] The freshly chopped leaves are added to cheese spreads, dips or salads, while roots and stems impart a mild licorice flavor to soups and stews.[20]

The ancient Romans often served spiced cakes with aniseed called mustaceoe at the end of feasts as a digestive.[21] This tradition of serving cake at the end of festivities is the basis for the tradition of serving cake at weddings.[22]

Liquor

Anise alcohols of the Mediterranean region

Anise is used to flavor Greek ouzo and mastika;[23] Italian sambuca;[23] French absinthe, anisette,[24] and pastis;[25] Spanish anis de chinchón,[26] anís ,[27] anísado[23] and Herbs de Majorca;[28] Turkish and Armenian rakı;[23] Lebanese, Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, Palestinian and Israeli arak;[23] and Algerian Anisette Cristal.[23] Outside the Mediterranean region, it is found in Colombian aguardiente[24] and Mexican Xtabentún.[29] These liquors are clear, but on addition of water become cloudy, a phenomenon known as the ouzo effect.[30][31]

Anise is used together with other herbs and spices in some root beers, such as Virgil's in the United States.[32][33]

Traditional medicine

The main use of anise in traditional European herbal medicine was for its carminative effect (reducing flatulence),[4] as noted by John Gerard in his Great Herball, an early encyclopedia of herbal medicine:

The seed wasteth and consumeth winde, and is good against belchings and upbraidings of the stomach, alaieth gripings of the belly, provoketh urine gently, maketh abundance of milke, and stirreth up bodily lust: it staieth the laske (diarrhea), and also the white flux (leukorrhea) in women.[34]

According to Pliny the Elder, anise was used as a cure for sleeplessness, chewed with alexanders and a little honey in the morning to freshen the breath, and, when mixed with wine, as a remedy for asp bites (N.H. 20.72).[35] In 19th-century medicine, anise was prepared as aqua anisi ("Water of Anise") in doses of an ounce or more and as spiritus anisi ("Spirit of Anise") in doses of 5–20 minims.[12] In Turkish folk medicine, its seeds have been used as an appetite stimulant, tranquilizer or diuretic.[36]

Essential oil

Anise essential oil

Anise essential oil can be obtained from the fruits by either steam distillation or extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide.[37] The yield of essential oil is influenced by the growing conditions[38] and extraction process, with supercritical extraction being more efficient.[37] Regardless of the method of isolation the main component of the oil is anethole (80–90%), with minor components including 4-anisaldehyde, estragole and pseudoisoeugenyl-2-methylbutyrates amongst others.[39] (Alternately found by Orav et al. 2008 to be 2-6% extracted oil by weight of raw seed material, 74-94% being trans-anethole and the remaining fraction estragole (methylchavicol), anisaldehyde and γ-himachalene.)[40] Anethole is responsible for anise's characteristic odor and flavor.[41]

Other uses

Builders of steam locomotives in Britain incorporated capsules of aniseed oil into white metal plain bearings so the distinctive smell would give warning in case of overheating.[42] Anise can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both drag hunting and fishing. It is put on fishing lures to attract fish.[43][44]

References

  1. ↑ from Franz Eugen Köhlae, Köhlae's Medizinal-Pflanzen, 1897
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Pimpinella anisum L.". World Flora Consortium. 2023. http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000390925. 
  3. ↑ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Baynes 1878.
  5. ↑ "Anice vera, Pimpinella anisum L.". Altervista. n.d.. http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=pimpinella+anisum. 
  6. ↑ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "ănēthum". ănēthum. Perseus Digital Library. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=anethum. 
  7. ↑ "Anise". Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press. 2018. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/anise. 
  8. ↑ "s.v. 'anise'". http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/7811. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Stephens, James M. (April 1997). "Anise—Pimpinella anisum L.". University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/MV008. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Katzer, Gernot (9 September 1998). "Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)". http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Pimp_ani.html. 
  11. ↑ "Aniseed - Cargo Handbook - the world's largest cargo transport guidelines website". https://cargohandbook.com/Aniseed. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Chisholm 1911.
  13. ↑ "Anise Uses, Benefits & Side Effects - Drugs.com Herbal Database" (in en). https://www.drugs.com/npc/anise.html. 
  14. ↑ "Tips for Transplanting Seedlings" (in en). https://www.almanac.com/tips-transplanting-seedlings. 
  15. ↑ Peter, K. V. (2004). Handbook of Herbs and Spices. Woodhead Publishing. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-85573-721-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=qUaT093PZFAC&pg=PA290. 
  16. ↑ Philip R. Ashurst (1999). Food Flavorings. Springer. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8342-1621-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=hrWuqmtwJiEC&q=anethole. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  17. ↑ J.S. Pruthi: Spices and Condiments, New Delhi: National Book Trust (1976), p. 19.
  18. ↑ Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations" (in en). http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-36.html#h-70. 
  19. ↑ "Favourite traditional British sweets: in pictures". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatpicturegalleries/9158591/Favourite-British-sweets-in-pictures.html. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Peter, K.V. (2012). Handbook of herbs and spices Volume 2. p. 143. 
  21. ↑ "Anise History". Our Herb Garden. March 2013. http://www.ourherbgarden.com/herb-history/anise.html. 
  22. ↑ "Wedding Cake: A Slice of History | Carol Wilson" (in en-US). Gastronomica. 2005-05-05. https://gastronomica.org/2005/05/05/wedding-cake-a-slice-history/. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Dealberto, Clara; Desrayaud, Lea (25 July 2017). "Le pastis, elixir provencal". Le Monde (Le Monde): p. 28. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "16 Anise-Flavored Liquors | SenseList". https://senselist.com/2006/10/20/16-anise-flavored-liquors/. 
  25. ↑ Blocker, Jack S. Jr.; Fahey, David M.; Tyrrell, Ian R. (2003). Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 478–. ISBN 978-1-57607-833-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&pg=PA478. Retrieved 28 March 2013. 
  26. ↑ admin. "Chincon" (in es). https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/alimentacion/temas/calidad-diferenciada/dop-igp/bebi_espi/DOP_Chinchon.aspx. 
  27. ↑ Zurdo, David; Gutiérrez, Ángel (2004). El libro de los licores de España. Ediciones Robinbook. p. 50. ISBN 9788496054127. https://books.google.com/books?id=5PnLWI0HMZcC&pg=PA50. Retrieved 5 February 2013. 
  28. ↑ "Majorcan herb liqueur in Spain". 2007-04-23. http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/gastronomia/productos/licor_de_hierbas_mallorquin.html. 
  29. ↑ "Xtabentún Cocktail Guide, with Origins and Recipes". Wine Enthusiast Magazine. 29 February 2012. http://www.winemag.com/2012/02/29/exotic-mexican-spirit-xtabentun-makes-a-splash/. 
  30. ↑ Sitnikova, Natalia L.; Sprik, Rudolf; Wegdam, Gerard; Eiser, Erika (2005). "Spontaneously Formed trans-Anethol/Water/Alcohol Emulsions: Mechanism of Formation and Stability". Langmuir 21 (16): 7083–7089. doi:10.1021/la046816l. PMID 16042427. 
  31. ↑ Ganachaud, François; Katz, Joseph L. (2005). "Nanoparticles and Nanocapsules Created Using the Ouzo Effect: Spontaneous Emulsification as an Alternative to Ultrasonic and High-Shear Devices". ChemPhysChem 6 (2): 209–216. doi:10.1002/cphc.200400527. PMID 15751338. 
  32. ↑ "Virgil's Bavarian Nutmeg". Reeds. http://reedsinc.com/product/virgils-bavarian-nutmeg/. 
  33. ↑ "Virgil's Rootbeer – Spike's Root Beer Reviews and Ratings". Root Beer Reviews. http://www.rootbeerreviews.com/brews/virgils.php. 
  34. ↑ John Gerard, The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes , 1597, p. 880, side 903
  35. ↑ Pliny (1856). "Book XX. Anise—sixty-one remedies". The Natural History of Pliny. 4. translators John Bostock, Henry Riley. London: Henry Bohn. pp. 271–274. OCLC 504358830. 
  36. ↑ Baytop, T. (1999) Therapy with medicinal plants in Turkey, Past and Present. Kitapevi, Istanbul, Turkey, 2nd edition, pp. 142.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Pereira, Camila G.; Meireles, M. Angela A. (September 2007). "Economic analysis of rosemary, fennel and anise essential oils obtained by supercritical fluid extraction". Flavour and Fragrance Journal 22 (5): 407–413. doi:10.1002/ffj.1813. 
  38. ↑ Zehtab-salmasi, S.; Javanshir, A.; Omidbaigi, R.; Alyari, H.; Ghassemi-golezani, K. (May 2001). "Effects of water supply and sowing date on performance and essential oil production of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)". Acta Agronomica Hungarica 49 (1): 75–81. doi:10.1556/AAgr.49.2001.1.9. 
  39. ↑ Rodrigues, Vera M.; Rosa, Paulo T. V.; Marques, Marcia O. M.; Petenate, Ademir J.; Meireles, M. Angela A. (March 2003). "Supercritical Extraction of Essential Oil from Aniseed using sCO2: Solubility, Kinetics and Composition Data". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (6): 1518–1523. doi:10.1021/jf0257493. PMID 12617576. 
  40. ↑ Sayed-Ahmad, Bouchra; Talou, Thierry; Saad, Zeinab; Hijazi, Akram; Merah, Othmane (2017). "The Apiaceae: Ethnomedicinal family as source for industrial uses". Industrial Crops and Products (Elsevier) 109: 661–671. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.027. ISSN 0926-6690. https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/25145/1/Sayed_Ahmad_25145.pdf. 
  41. ↑ Jodral, Manuel Miro. Illicium, Pimpinella and Foeniculum. CRC Press, 2004. pp. 205
  42. ↑ "none". The Railway Magazine 99: 287. 1953. 
  43. ↑ Collins, Tony (2005). Encyclopedia of traditional British rural sports. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-415-35224-6. 
  44. ↑ Gabriel, Otto; von Brandt, Andres (2005). Fish catching methods of the world (4 ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell. pp. 153–4. ISBN 978-0-85238-280-6. 

Further reading

Wikidata ☰ Q28692 entry



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