Biology:Arthrorhaphis

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Arthrorhaphis is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Arthrorhaphidaceae. It has 13 species.[1] Species in this family have a widespread distribution in temperate and montane habitats. They grow symbiotically with green algae, or parasitically on other lichens.[2] These fungi typically start as parasites on other lichens but can later become free-living, forming bright greenish-yellow to greyish scales on acidic soils and weathered rocks in cool upland regions.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1860. The family was proposed by lichenologists Josef Poelt and Josef Hafellner in 1976.[3] The family Arthrorhaphidaceae has an uncertain taxonomic placement in the class Lecanoromycetes; that is, it is incertae sedis with respect to ordinal placement.[1]

Description

Arthrorhaphis species either have no thallus of their own or form a thin crust that lacks a distinct marginal zone. When the fungus grows independently it soon breaks into tiny, strongly convex scales ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) that are bright greenish yellow to whitish grey; these scales have no true protective [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], only a delicate colourless surface layer. Some taxa also produce fine, powdery soredia that serve as propagules for vegetative reproduction. The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] partner is a [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] green alga that forms a conspicuous, compact [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|layer]] of cells.[4]

The sexual fruiting bodies (apothecia) sit directly on the thallus or nestle between the squamules. They are black and either urn-shaped ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) or [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]-like, and many are packed with crumbly, brown-green [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] that resemble droplets. The surrounding wall ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) is poorly developed, consisting of loosely woven hyphae with markedly swollen walls. Threads called paraphyses weave through the spore-bearing layer (hymenium); they are slender, freely branched and interconnected, with only slight thickening at their tips. Oil droplets are often scattered throughout the hymenium.[4]

Each ascus contains eight ascospores and is club-shaped ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]); the apex shows only minimal thickening and reacts negatively to iodine (K/I–) but does have a small transparent [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]. The spores are long and narrow—ranging from cylindrical to nearly needle-like—and are divided by three to fifteen, occasionally up to twenty-eight, internal cross-walls (septa). Asexual reproduction occurs in conspicuous black pycnidia that produce smooth, colourless, ellipsoidal conidia. Chemically, the genus is known to contain rhizocarpic acid, epanorin and various unidentified pigments, alongside secondary metabolites derived from its host lichens.[4]

Ecology

Arthrorhaphis species favour acidic substrates and, less often, mildly calcareous ones. They usually start out parasitising crustose or fruticose lichens but may later become free-living, spreading across soil among mosses or over weather-worn rock in cool, often upland regions.[4]

Species

Arthrorhaphis citrinella
  • Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa R.Sant. & Tønsberg (1994)[5]
  • Arthrorhaphis alpina (Schaer.) R.Sant. (1980)[6]
  • Arthrorhaphis anziana (Lynge) Poelt (1969)
  • Arthrorhaphis arctoparmeliae Kocourk. & van den Boom (2005)[7]
  • Arthrorhaphis citrinella (Ach.) Poelt (1969)
  • Arthrorhaphis grisea Th.Fr. (1861)
  • Arthrorhaphis muddii Obermayer (1994)[8]
  • Arthrorhaphis olivaceae R.Sant. & Tønsberg (1994)[5]
  • Arthrorhaphis phyllobaeis Etayo & Palice (2017)[9]
  • Arthrorhaphis summorum B.de Lesd. (1933)
  • Arthrorhaphis vacillans Th.Fr. & Almq. ex Th.Fr. (1867)[10]
  • Arthrorhaphis viridescens Rabenh. (1870)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. 
  2. ↑ Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2007. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5. 
  3. ↑ Poelt, J.; Hafellner, J. (1976). "Lichen Neonorrlinia-Trypetheliza and family Arthrorhaphidaceae" (in de). Phyton: Annales Rei Botanicae 17 (3–4): 213–220. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Cannon, P.; Coppins, B.; Aptroot, A.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2025). Miscellaneous lichens and lichenicolous fungi, including Aphanopsis and Steinia (Aphanopsidaceae), Arthrorhaphis (Arthrorhaphidaceae), Buelliella, Hemigrapha, Melaspileella, Stictographa and Taeniolella (Asterinales, family unassigned), Phylloblastia (Chaetothyriales, family unassigned) Cystocoleus (Cystocoleaceae), Sclerococcum (Dactylosporaceae), Eiglera (Eigleraceae), Epigloea (Epigloeaceae), Euopsis (Harpidiaceae), Lichenothelia (Lichenotheliaceae), Lichinodium (Lichinodiaceae), Melaspilea (Melaspileaceae), Epithamnolia and Mniaecia (Mniaeciaceae), Lichenostigma (Phaeococcomycetaceae), Pycnora (Pycnoraceae), Racodium (Racodiaceae), Chicitaea and Loxospora (Sarrameanaceae), Schaereria (Schaereriaceae), Strangospora (Strangosporaceae), Botryolepraria and Stigmidium (Verrucariales, family unassigned), and Biatoridium, Mycoglaena, Orphniospora, Piccolia, Psammina and Wadeana (order and family unassigned). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 57. p. 51. https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Miscellaneous%20genera_0.pdf. open access
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Santesson, R.; Tønsberg, T. (1994). "Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa and A. olivacea, two new lichenicolous fungi". The Lichenologist 26 (3): 295–299. doi:10.1006/lich.1994.1021. Bibcode: 1994ThLic..26..295S. 
  6. ↑ Hawksworth, D.L.; James, P.W.; Coppins, B.J. (1980). "Checklist of British lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi". The Lichenologist 12 (1): 1–115 [106]. doi:10.1017/s0024282980000035. Bibcode: 1980ThLic..12....1H. 
  7. ↑ Kocourková, J.; van den Boom, P.P.G. (2005). "Lichenicolous fungi from the Czech Republic II. Arthrorhaphis arctoparmeliae sp. nov. and some new records for the country". Herzogia 18: 23–35. 
  8. ↑ Obermayer, W. (1994). "Die Flechtengattung Arthrorhaphis (Arthrorhaphidaceae, Ascomycotina) in Europa und Grönland" (in de). Nova Hedwigia 58 (3–4): 275–333. 
  9. ↑ Etayo, Javier (2017) (in es). Hongos liquenícolas de Ecuador. Opera Lilloana. 50. Tucumán: Fundación Miguel Lillo. p. 98. 
  10. ↑ Fries, T.M. (1867). "Nya skandinaviska laf-arter". Botaniska Notiser 1867: 105–110. 
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Wikidata ☰ Q10418779 entry



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