Biology:Awaous stamineus
| Awaous stamineus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Gobiiformes |
| Family: | Oxudercidae |
| Genus: | Awaous |
| Species: | A. stamineus
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| Binomial name | |
| Awaous stamineus (Eydoux & Souleyet, 1850)
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| Synonyms | |
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Awaous stamineus, commonly known as ‘O‘opu nakea, is a species of goby native to the Hawaiian Islands.[1] It has been previously considered a synonym of Awaous guamensis but recent work based upon morphological and genetic differences has recognized Hawaiian populations as being distinct.[2] Consequently, Hawaiian Awaous are now recognized as a valid, distinct species.[1][3]
Description and biology
‘O‘opu nakea are omnivores. Analyses of their gut volume have shown to consist 84% of filamentous algae and the other 16% of chironomids (non-biting midges).[4] ‘O‘opu nakea are about 14 inches long and have white streaks with speckles and a dark olive color.[5] They lay eggs downstream where the males and females guard the nest. The males make the nest and attract the females who then lay one clutch a year.[6]
Predators of this species include various birds, including the ‘auku‘u (black-crowned night heron), and other fishes, including āholehole (dark-margined flagtail), ulua (trevallies), moi (Pacific threadfin), and kākü (great barracuda).[7]
Distribution and habitat
‘O‘opu nakea are found in slow-moving waters especially on Kaua‘i during their annual spawning run to the stream mouth.[4] ‘O‘opu nakea swim-up stream between 10 and 200 feet in strong currents.[8]
Human use and cultural significance
They are eaten raw or cooked. The usual way to prepare them is by salting them for 12 hours,[5] then wrapping them in ti leaves and placing them over hot coals.[5]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). "Awaous stamineus" in FishBase. November 2014 version.
- ↑ Lindstrom, Daniel P.; Blum, Michael J.; Walter, Ryan P.; Gagne, Roderick B.; Gilliam, James F. (2012). "Molecular and morphological evidence of distinct evolutionary lineages of Awaous guamensis in Hawai'i and Guam". Copeia 2012 (2): 293–300. doi:10.1643/CI-11-027.
- ↑ Eschmeyer, W. N.; R. Fricke; R. van der Laan, eds (2 July 2018). "Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?spid=43537.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Anne M. Brasher. "Technical Report 1 13 : Monitoring the Distribution and Abundance of Native Gobies ('o'opu) in Waikolu and Pelekunu Streams on the Island of Moloka'i". https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/150060.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Margaret Titcomb; Mary Kawena Pukui. "NATIVE USE OF FISH IN HAWAII". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_60_1951/Memoir%3A_Native_use_of_fish_in_Hawaii%2C_by_Mary_Kawena_Pukui%2C_p_1-146/p1. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
- ↑ "Freshwater Fishes : ‘O‘opu nākea (Awaous guamensis) SPECIES STATUS : IUCN Red List – Data Deficient" (PDF). https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2019/03/SWAP-2015-Awaous-oopu-nakea-Final-1.pdf.
- ↑ "Awaous guamensis". http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/waipio/Critter%20pages/awaous.html.
- ↑ "Effects of Surface-Water Diversion and Ground-Water Withdrawal on Streamflow and Habitat, Punaluu Stream, Oahu, Hawaii" (PDF). https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5153/pdf/SIR2006-5153.pdf.
Wikidata ☰ Q1384393 entry
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