Biology:Bacterial leaf scorch
| Bacterial leaf scorch | |
|---|---|
_stricken_with_bacterial_leaf_scorch_during_leaf-out_near_the_house_at_988_Terrace_Boulevard_in_Ewing,_New_Jersey.JPG) Large pin oak (Quercus palustris) stricken with bacterial leaf scorch during leaf-out | |
| Common names | BLS |
| Causal agents | Xylella fastidiosa |
| Hosts | trees and crops |
| Vectors | leafhoppers |
Bacterial leaf scorch (BLS), or bacterial leaf spot, is a disease state affecting many crops, caused mainly by the xylem-plugging bacterium Xylella fastidiosa.[1] It can be mistaken for ordinary leaf scorch caused by cultural practices such as over-fertilization.[1]
Hosts
BLS can be found on a wide variety of hosts, ranging from ornamental trees (elm, maple, oak) and shrubs, to crop species including blueberry and almond.[2]
- Xylella fastidiosa is known to cause BLS in a very wide range of plants. Each of its subspecies has have a different host range.[2]
- The multiplex subspecies causes BLS of pecans.
- Bacterial spot of peppers and tomatoes is caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, which has since been divided into four pathovars in three species.[3]
- Bacterial spot of peaches is caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni. It also infects almonds.[4] Spots may form on the leaves and they can be mistaken for peach scab, which is caused by a fungus.
Symptoms
An irregular browning leaf margin which may or may not be bordered by a pale halo.[5]
Symptoms re-occur every year, spreading throughout the tree crown, eventually killing the host plant.[5]
Vectors
Xylem-feeding leafhoppers can transmit the disease bacteria.[5] In general, any xylem-feeding insect can transmit the disease.[6]
Treatment
There are no known effective treatments for BLS, consequently, removal of affected plants is recommended.[5]
See also
- Fertilizer burn
- Leaf scorch
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Forest Health Protection - Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry". http://www.fs.usda.gov/r09.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cavalieri, Vincenzo; Fasanelli, Elisa; Gibin, Davide; Gutierrez Linares, Alicia; La Notte, Pierfederico; Pasinato, Luca; Delbianco, Alice (July 2024). "Update of the Xylella spp. host plant database – Systematic literature search up to 31 December 2023". EFSA Journal 22 (7). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8898.
- ↑ "Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria (XANTEU)[Overview| EPPO Global Database"]. https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/XANTEU. "One of the bacteria causing bacterial spot of tomato and pepper, together with Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans, Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri, Xanthomonas vesicatoria."
- ↑ Garita‐Cambronero, Jerson; Palacio‐Bielsa, Ana; Cubero, Jaime (September 2018). "Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni , causal agent of bacterial spot of stone fruits and almond: its genomic and phenotypic characteristics in the X. arboricola species context". Molecular Plant Pathology 19 (9): 2053–2065. doi:10.1111/mpp.12679.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "BACTERIAL LEAF SCORCH OF SHADE TREES". http://www.usna.usda.gov/Research/BacterialLeafScorch.html.
- ↑ Sicard, Anne; Saponari, Maria; Vanhove, Mathieu; Castillo, Andreina I.; Giampetruzzi, Annalisa; Loconsole, Giuliana; Saldarelli, Pasquale; Boscia, Donato et al. (2021). "Introduction and adaptation of an emerging pathogen to olive trees in Italy". Microbial Genomics 7 (12): 000735. doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000735. ISSN 2057-5858. PMID 34904938.
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